Energy Harvesting Technologies

521 Pages·2009·12.376 MB·English

by  Hyunuk Kim, Yonas Tadesse, Shashank Priya (auth.), Shashank Priya, Daniel J. Inman (eds.)

Energy Harvesting Technologies
·
Shashank Priya Daniel J. Inman
Editors
Energy Harvesting
Technologies
123
Editors
ShashankPriya DanielJ.Inman
VirginiaTech VirginiaTech
CenterforIntelligentMaterialSystems CenterforIntelligentMaterialSystems
andStructures andStructures
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
304AHoldenHall 310DurhamHall
Blacksburg,VA24061 Blacksburg,VA24061
[email protected] [email protected]
ISBN 978-0-387-76463-4 e-ISBN 978-0-387-76464-1
DOI10.1007/978-0-387-76464-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008934452
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009
Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,
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orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.
Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare
notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjectto
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Preface
Energyharvestingmaterialsandsystemshaveemergedasaprominentresearcharea
andcontinuestogrowatrapidpace.A widerangeofapplicationsaretargetedfor
theharvesters,includingdistributedwirelesssensornodesforstructuralhealthmon-
itoring,embeddedandimplantedsensornodesformedicalapplications,recharging
the batteries of large systems, monitoring tire pressure in automobiles, powering
unmannedvehicles,andrunningsecuritysystemsinhouseholdconditions.Recent
developmentincludesthecomponentsanddevicesatmicro–macroscalescovering
materials, electronics, and integration.The growingdemandfor energyharvesters
hasmotivatedthepublicationofthisbooktopresentthecurrentstateofknowledge
inthisfield.
Thebookisaddressedtostudents,researchers,applicationengineers,educators,
developers,andproducersofenergyharvestingmaterialsandsystems.Thechapters
mainlyconsistoftechnicalreviews,discussions,andbasicknowledgeinthedesign
and fabrication of energy harvesting systems. It brings the leading researchers in
theworldinthefieldofenergyharvestingandassociatedfieldsontooneplatform
to providea comprehensiveoverviewof the fundamentalsand developments.The
book has good mix of researchers from academics, industry, and national labo-
ratories. All the importantenergy harvestingtechnologiesincluding piezoelectric,
inductive,thermoelectric,andmicrobatteriesareaddressedbytheleadingauthors.
Furthermore, the book covers the principles and design rules of the energy har-
vestingcircuitsin depth.Thechapterson demonstratedapplicationsofthe energy
harvesting-based technologies will allow readers to conceptualize the promise of
thefield.
The first section in the book provides discussions on background, theoretical
models, equivalent circuit models, lumped models, distributed models, and basic
principles for design and fabrication of bulk and MEMS-based vibration-based
energyharvestingsystems.Thesecondsectionaddressesthetheoryanddesignrules
requiredforthe fabricationofthe efficientelectronics.The thirdsection discusses
theprogressinthefieldofthermoelectricenergyharvestingsystems.Thefourthsec-
tionaddressestheimportantsubjectofstoragesystems.Thefifthsectiondescribes
some of the prototype demonstrations reported so far utilizing energy harvesting.
Thesixthsectionreportssomeinitialstandardsforvibrationenergyharvestingbeing
formalizedbyanationwidecommitteeconsistingofresearchersfromacademiaand
v
vi Preface
industry. This standard will lay the basic rules for conducting and reporting the
research on vibration energy harvesting. The publication of this standard follows
theannualenergyharvestingworkshop.Fourthworkshopinthisserieswillbeheld
atVirginiaTechonJanuary28–29,2009.Itisworthwhiletomentionherethatthis
workshopinthelast3yearshasgrowninsizeandnumberswithgrowingparticipa-
tionfromacademiaandindustry.
The chapters published here are mostly the invited technicalsubmissions from
theauthors.Theeditorsdidnotmakeanyjudgmentonthequalityandorganization
ofthetextinthechaptersanditwasmostlylefttothedecisionoftheauthors.Inthis
regard,theeditorsdonotaccepttheresponsibilityforanytechnicalerrorspresentin
thechaptersandthoseshouldbedirectlydiscussedwiththeauthorsoftherelevant
chapter.
Itwasanhonoreditingthisbookconsistingofcontributionsfromknowledgeable
and generouscolleagues. Thanksto all the authorsfor their timely assistance and
cooperation during the course of this book. Without their continual support, this
workwouldnothavebeenpossible.We hopethatreaderswillfindthebookinfor-
mative and instructive and provide suggestions and comments to further improve
thetextineventualsecondedition.
Blacksburg,VA ShashankPriyaandDanJ.Inman
Contents
PartI PiezoelectricandElectromagneticEnergyHarvesting
1 PiezoelectricEnergyHarvesting................................. 3
HyunukKim,YonasTadesse,andShashankPriya
1.1 EnergyHarvestingBasics ................................. 4
1.2 CaseStudy:PiezoelectricPlatesBondedtoLong
CantileverBeamwithtipmass............................. 7
1.3 PiezoelectricMaterials.................................... 9
1.3.1 PiezoelectricPolycrystallineCeramics ............... 10
1.3.2 PiezoelectricSingleCrystalMaterials................ 11
1.3.3 PiezoelectricandElectrostrictivePolymers ........... 13
1.3.4 PiezoelectricThinFilms........................... 14
1.4 PiezoelectricTransducers ................................. 16
1.5 Meso-macro-scaleEnergyHarvesters ....................... 16
1.5.1 Mechanical Energy Harvester Using Laser
Micromachining ................................. 16
1.5.2 MechanicalEnergyHarvesterUsingPiezoelectric
Fibers.......................................... 20
1.6 PiezoelectricMicrogenerator .............................. 21
1.6.1 PiezoelectricMicrocantilevers...................... 21
1.7 EnergyHarvestingCircuits ................................ 24
1.8 StrategiesforEnhancingthePerformance
ofEnergyHarvester...................................... 26
1.8.1 Multi-modalEnergyHarvesting..................... 26
1.8.2 MagnetoelectricComposites ....................... 29
1.8.3 Self-Tuning...................................... 31
1.8.4 FrequencyPumping............................... 32
1.8.5 Wide-BandwidthTransducers ...................... 33
1.9 SelectedApplications..................................... 33
1.9.1 BorderSecuritySensors ........................... 33
1.9.2 BiomedicalApplications........................... 35
1.10 Summary............................................... 35
References .................................................... 36
vii
viii Contents
2 ElectromechanicalModelingofCantileveredPiezoelectricEnergy
HarvestersforPersistentBaseMotions........................... 41
AlperErturkandDanielJ.Inman
2.1 Introduction............................................. 41
2.2 Amplitude-WiseCorrectionoftheLumpedParameterModel ... 44
2.2.1 UncoupledLumpedParameterBaseExcitationModel.. 45
2.2.2 UncoupledDistributedParameterBaseExcitation
Model.......................................... 46
2.2.3 CorrectionFactorsfortheLumpedParameterModel ... 50
2.2.4 CorrectionFactorinthePiezoelectricallyCoupled
LumpedParameterEquations ...................... 55
2.3 CoupledDistributedParameterModels
andClosed-FormSolutions................................ 57
2.3.1 ModelingAssumptions............................ 57
2.3.2 MathematicalBackground ......................... 58
2.3.3 UnimorphConfiguration........................... 61
2.3.4 BimorphConfigurations ........................... 64
2.3.5 Single-ModeElectromechanicalEquations ........... 67
2.3.6 ExperimentalValidation ........................... 69
References .................................................... 76
3 PerformanceEvaluationofVibration-BasedPiezoelectricEnergy
Scavengers.................................................... 79
Yi-ChungShu
3.1 Introduction............................................. 79
3.1.1 PiezoelectricBulkPowerGenerators ................ 81
3.1.2 PiezoelectricMicroPowerGenerators ............... 82
3.1.3 ConversionEfficiencyandElectricallyInduced
Damping ....................................... 83
3.1.4 PowerStorageCircuits ............................ 84
3.2 Approach............................................... 84
3.2.1 StandardAC–DCHarvestingCircuit................. 84
3.2.2 SSHI-HarvestingCircuit........................... 89
3.3 Results................................................. 92
3.3.1 StandardInterface ................................ 92
3.3.2 SSHIInterface ................................... 96
3.4 Conclusion .............................................100
References ....................................................100
4 PiezoelectricEquivalentCircuitModels ..........................107
Bjo¨rnRichter,JensTwiefelandJo¨rgWallaschek
4.1 ModelBasedDesign .....................................107
4.1.1 BasicConfigurationsofPiezoelectricGenerators ......108
4.2 LinearConstitutiveEquationsforPiezoelectricMaterial........108
Contents ix
4.3 PiezoelectricEquivalentCircuitModelsforSystemswithFixed
MechanicalBoundary .................................... 109
4.3.1 Quasi-StaticRegime ..............................110
4.3.2 SingleDegreeofFreedomModelforDynamic
Regime......................................... 111
4.3.3 Multi-DegreeofFreedomModelforDynamic
Regime......................................... 113
4.3.4 ExperimentalParameterIdentification ...............114
4.3.5 CaseStudy ......................................116
4.4 AnalyticalDeterminationoftheParametersoftheEquivalent
CircuitModels .......................................... 117
4.4.1 GeneralProcedureforAnalyticalBimorphModel .....118
4.4.2 DeterminationoftheParametersofthePiezoelectric
EquivalentCircuitModelsusingtheAnalytical
Model.......................................... 119
4.5 EquivalentCircuitModelforBaseExcitedPiezoelectric
Systems................................................ 120
4.6 OverallPEGSystemAnalysesUsingPiezoelectricEquivalent
CircuitModels .......................................... 121
4.6.1 PiezoelectricEquivalentCircuitModelwithElectrical
Load........................................... 122
4.6.2 AnalysisoftheMaximumPowerOutput .............122
4.6.3 Experimental Validation of the Piezoelectric
EquivalentCircuitModelforBaseExcitation......... 124
4.6.4 EffectofGeometry ...............................125
4.6.5 ModelingoftheCouplingBetweenthePEGandIts
ExcitationSource,AdditionalDegreesofFreedom .... 126
4.7 Summary...............................................127
References ....................................................128
5 ElectromagneticEnergyHarvesting .............................129
StephenPBeebyandTerenceO’Donnell
5.1 Introduction.............................................129
5.2 BasicPrinciples .........................................130
5.3 Wire-WoundCoilProperties...............................132
5.4 Micro-FabricatedCoils ...................................134
5.5 MagneticMaterials.......................................136
5.6 ScalingofElectromagneticVibrationGenerators..............139
5.7 ScalingofElectromagneticDamping........................142
5.8 MaximisingPowerfromanEMGenerator ...................145
5.9 ReviewofExistingDevices................................146
5.10 MicroscaleImplementations...............................146
5.11 Macro-ScaleImplementations..............................151
x Contents
5.12 CommercialDevices .....................................154
5.13 Conclusions.............................................158
References ....................................................159
PartII EnergyHarvestingCircuitsandArchitectures
6 OntheOptimalEnergyHarvestingfromaVibrationSourceUsing
aPiezoelectricStack ...........................................165
JamilM.Renno,MohammedF.DaqaqandDanielJ.Inman
6.1 Introduction.............................................166
6.2 One-dimensionalElectromechanicalAnalyticModel ..........168
6.3 PowerOptimization ......................................172
6.4 OptimalityoftheParallel-RL Circuit .......................173
6.4.1 ThePurelyResistiveCircuit........................175
6.4.2 TheParallel-RL Circuit ...........................183
6.5 TheSeries-RLCircuit ....................................188
6.5.1 OptimalityResultsforSeriesRL-Circuit .............189
6.6 Conclusions.............................................192
References ....................................................192
7 EnergyHarvestingWirelessSensors .............................195
S.W. Arms, C.P. Townsend, D.L. Churchill, M.J. Hamel,
M.Augustin,D.Yeary,andN.Phan
7.1 Introduction.............................................195
7.2 Background.............................................196
7.3 Tracking Helicopter Component Loads with
EnergyHarvestingWirelessSensors ........................ 196
7.4 Monitoring Large Bridge Spans with Solar-Powered
WirelessSensors ........................................ 204
7.5 AboutMicroStrainInc. ...................................207
References ....................................................207
8 EnergyHarvestingusingNon-linearTechniques ..................209
Daniel Guyomar,Claude Richard, Adrien Badel, Elie Lefeuvre
andMickae¨lLallart
8.1 Introduction.............................................210
8.2 IntroductiontoNonlinearTechniquesandtheirApplication
toVibrationControl...................................... 211
8.2.1 Principles .......................................211
8.3 EnergyHarvestingUsingNonlinearTechniquesinSteady-State
Case................................................... 221
8.3.1 Principles .......................................222
8.3.2 AnalysisWithoutInductionofVibrationDamping .....223
Contents xi
8.3.3 DampingEffect ..................................227
8.3.4 ExperimentalValidation ...........................232
8.4 EnergyHarvestinginPulsedOperation......................236
8.4.1 SSHITechnique..................................237
8.4.2 PerformanceComparison ..........................243
8.4.3 ExperimentalValidation ...........................244
8.5 OtherNonlinearEnergyHarvestingTechniques...............247
8.5.1 SeriesSSHITechnique ............................247
8.5.2 TheoreticalDevelopmentwithDampingEffect........251
8.5.3 SynchronousElectric ChargeExtraction(SECE)
Technique ...................................... 254
8.5.4 ExperimentalValidation ...........................258
8.6 EnergyHarvestingTechniquesunderBroadbandExcitation.....262
8.6.1 MultimodalVibrations ............................263
8.6.2 RandomVibrations ...............................263
8.7 Conclusion .............................................265
References ....................................................265
9 PowerSourcesforWirelessSensorNetworks .....................267
DanSteingart
9.1 Introduction.............................................267
9.2 PrimaryBatteries ........................................271
9.3 Energyharvesting........................................273
9.3.1 EnergyHarvestingversusEnergyScavenging .........273
9.3.2 PhotonicMethods ................................274
9.3.3 VibrationalMethods ..............................276
9.3.4 ThermalMethods.................................279
9.4 AlternativeMethods......................................280
9.4.1 RFPower .......................................280
9.4.2 RadioactiveSources ..............................281
9.5 PowerConversion........................................281
9.6 EnergyStorage ..........................................281
9.7 Examples...............................................282
9.7.1 SensorsinaCave.................................282
9.7.2 SensorsinanIndustrialPlant.......................282
9.7.3 SensorsinNature.................................283
9.8 Conclusion .............................................284
References ....................................................284
10 HarvestingMicroelectronicCircuits .............................287
GabrielA.Rinco´n-Mora
10.1 HarvestingSources.......................................288
10.1.1 EnergyandPower ................................288
10.1.2 EnergySources ..................................289