Energy for Propulsion

499 Pages·2018·27.19 MB·English

by  Akshai K. Runchal

Green Energy and Technology
Akshai K. Runchal · Ashwani K. Gupta
Abhijit Kushari · Ashoke De
Editors
Suresh K. Aggarwal
Energy for
Propulsion
A Sustainable Technologies Approach
Green Energy and Technology
Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge
scientific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green
Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and
technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustain-
able—technologies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers
“green” solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy
and Technology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as
well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation
spans from instructional to highly technical.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059
Akshai K. Runchal Ashwani K. Gupta
(cid:129)
Abhijit Kushari Ashoke De
(cid:129)
Suresh K. Aggarwal
Editors
Energy for Propulsion
A Sustainable Technologies Approach
123
Editors
AkshaiK.Runchal Ashoke De
TheCFD Innovators Department ofAerospace Engineering
Analytic & Computational Research,Inc. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
(ACRi) Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh
LosAngeles, CA India
USA
SureshK.Aggarwal
Ashwani K.Gupta Department ofMechanical andIndustrial
Department ofMechanical Engineering Engineering
University of Maryland University of Illinois at Chicago
CollegePark, MD Chicago, IL
USA USA
Abhijit Kushari
Department ofAerospace Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh
India
ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)
Green Energy andTechnology
ISBN978-981-10-7472-1 ISBN978-981-10-7473-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7473-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018941990
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Preface
Energy, power, and propulsion, the prime movers of economy and society, pose
challenging problems as one seeks cleaner and efficient conversion with due con-
sideration to sustainability. The exergy of contemporary power and propulsion
systems is only about a third to half of that theoretically possible so that the
scientists and engineers continue to strive for higher efficiency and improved per-
formance. The main focus of the practicing engineers has been to design reliable,
efficient,andcost-effectivesystemswithlowfootprintontheenvironment.Todate,
fossil fuels continue to play a pivotal role in all sectors of energy use. With the
global increase in CO and other harmful emissions to the environment, one must
2
seek cost-effective measures to control emissions without sacrificing the quality of
lifeorproductivity.Theseenvironmentalconcerns,andpotentialdepletionoffossil
fuels, have led to increasing global effort to exploit renewable and alternative
energy resources.
Presently, there are no real substitutes for fossil fuels but renewable and
non-conventional energy sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, algae, geothermal,
hydro,andwave,arebeginningtohavesomeimpact.PerEIArenewablescurrently
contributeover13%ofthetotalworldwideenergyuse.Thiscontributionislikelyto
rise steadily in view of the increasing efforts on R&D to expand the available
choices and to improve the conversion and utilization efficiencies. One major
advantage of the renewables is that they are mostly environmentally friendly with
near-zero carbon emissions. However, continuous and ready availability at all
places isamajorissuewith someoftherenewables.Theirlarge-scale useisrather
limited. Harnessing the alternative energy resources and using efficient conversion
methodologies are pivotal to the future of our society. Several nations have for-
mulated plans to enhance commercial development of these resources through
technological advances with due considerations to cost-effectiveness and minimal
environmental impact. As of today, renewables offer favorable technical perfor-
mance compared to fossil fuels, although cost, availability, and robustness could
vary at a specific location. However, for a number of reasons, currently, they play
only a supportive role in the global energy use. The present book is an effort to
v
vi Preface
explore these technologies in a balanced perspective with due focus on the fossil
fuels as well as the emerging renewable resources.
Inashortspanoftwodecades,wehaveseenremarkableadvancesinthesearch
ofalternativefuelsandalternativeenergyconversionsystems.Inaddition,wehave
seen remarkable performance improvements in fossil fuel power and propulsion
systems. The analytical tools have benefitted from advances in computational sci-
ences,withmorepowerfulcomputingsystemsandsignificantimprovementsinour
abilities to make use of evolving computer architecture with multiple processors,
and parallel and distributed computing. From its meager beginnings in the 1960s
with the advent of the electronic computer, computational sciences have revolu-
tionized our theoretical analysis capabilities, and computational fluid dynamics
(CFD)toolshavenowbecomeubiquitousinacademiaandindustry.Concurrently,
new non-invasive diagnostic techniques are becoming firmly established with the
development of advanced instrumentation that provides spatial and temporally
resolvedmeasurementsofcomplexflows.Also,inparallel,advancesinsensorsand
active control technology have further helped to improve system efficiencies,
reduce emission levels, prolong equipment life, and mitigate catastrophic failures.
In spite of these major advances in our predictive and diagnostic capabilities for
designing more efficient and cleaner energy systems, challenges remain due to
growingenergydemandandenvironmentalconcerns,astheworldGDPisexpected
todoubleandenergyconsumptiontoincreasebysome50%overthenext25years.
This monograph is the result of deliberations at an “International Workshop on
Energy, Propulsion and Environment” held at the Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT), Kanpur, India, during March 8–11, 2017. The workshop was sponsored by
leading research organizations and universities in the USA and India. Many
world-renowned scientists and researchers from the USA, UK, India, Thailand,
Malaysia,andSaudiArabiapresentedtheirlatestresearchfindingsandsharedtheir
ideas in formal talks and exchange forums. This research monograph brings
together the latest research and wealth of knowledge presented by these eminent
scientists at this workshop. A common theme of the monograph is energy, power,
and propulsion. It is divided into sections that deal with various aspects of this
theme. The chapters on conventional and renewable fuels focus on more efficient
and environmentally friendly techniques and systems for power production.
Dynamics and stability offlames in combustion systems is a major concern. Some
of the chapters present novel ideas on these topics. Finally, the gap in our
knowledge and understanding of physical processes that underlie computational
simulations and analysis are covered in chapters dealing with turbulence, its
interaction with chemical kinetics and the complexities of two-phase processes.
Presently, there are no silver bullets for energy and environment sustainability.
Collective efforts between academia, industry, and governments are needed to
achieve these goals. We hope this book will contribute to further R&D efforts
worldwide to develop cutting-edge and novel technologies in renewable alterna-
tives, conversion efficiency, and environmental sustainability.
Preface vii
We would like to express our gratitude to the authors for submitting their work
in a timely manner and adhering to tight deadlines. We acknowledge the support
receivedfrom variousagenciesand organizations for thesuccessful conduct ofthe
workshop. TheseincludedtheNationalScience Foundation,USA;OfficeofNaval
Research Global, Singapore(withspecialthanks toDr. R.Kolar); TEQIPprogram
of MHRD; and Bagell House and Springer. We also thank our industry partners
who participated at the workshop that further contributed to its success.
Los Angeles, USA Akshai K. Runchal
College Park, USA Ashwani K. Gupta
Kanpur, India Abhijit Kushari
Kanpur, India Ashoke De
Chicago, USA Suresh K. Aggarwal
Contents
Part I Combustion and Propulsion Systems
On Lean Direct Injection Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Xiao Ren, Chih-Jen Sung and Hukam C. Mongia
Effect of Alternative Fuels on Emissions
and Engine Compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Bhupendra Khandelwal, Charith J. Wijesinghe and Shabarish Sriraman
Effect of Fuel Unsaturation on Emissions in Flames
and Diesel Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Suresh K. Aggarwal
InvestigationandDevelopmentofModifiedRossYokeMechanismon
Alpha-Parallel-Cylinder Stirling Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Sutapat Kwankaomeng
Part II Flame and Combustor Dynamics
Dynamic Systems Approach for Laminar Ducted Flames . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Uddalok Sen, Achintya Mukhopadhyay and Swarnendu Sen
Synchronization Transition in a Thermoacoustic System:
Temporal and Spatiotemporal Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Sirshendu Mondal, Samadhan A. Pawar and R. I. Sujith
Interaction of Water Spray with Flame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Sourav Sarkar, Joydeep Munshi, Santanu Pramanik,
Achintya Mukhopadhyay and Swarnendu Sen
ix
x Contents
Part III Turbulent Combustion Modeling and Simulations
Quantification of External Enthalpy Controlled Combustion at Unity
Damköhler Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Fabian Hampp and Rune Peter Lindstedt
A Dynamic LES Model for Turbulent Reactive Flow with Parallel
Adaptive Finite Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Jiajia Waters, David B. Carrington, Xiuling Wang
and Darrell W. Pepper
Fundamentals of Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Fatemeh Hadi, Guangying Yu and Hameed Metghalchi
Direct Numerical Simulation Study of Lean Hydrogen/Air
Premixed Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Rohit Saini, Ashoke De and S. Gokulakrishnan
Investigation of the Role of Chemical Kinetics in Controlling
Stabilization Mechanism of the Turbulent Lifted Jet Flame Using
Multi-flamelet Generated Manifold Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Rohit Saini, Ashoke De, Venu Aggarwal and Rakesh Yadav
Part IV Two-Phase Modeling and Experiments
Mixing Dynamics in Interacting Vortices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Saptarshi Basu, Swetaprovo Chaudhuri, Baki M. Cetegen
and Abhishek Saha
Numerical Modeling of Aerosol Transport and Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . 345
P. S. Rajagopal, Manish Joshi, Janki Shinde, S. Anand,
Akshai K. Runchal, B. K. Sapra, Y. S. Mayya and Madhukar M. Rao
Fire Testing and Study of Liquid Pool Fire in Multiple
Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Pavan Kumar Sharma, Anoop Kumar Raut and Abhijit Kushari
Study of Liquid Breakup Mechanism for Application of Solid
Rocket Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Ryoichi Amano and Yi-Hsin Yen
Part V Renewable Energy and Fuels; Production and Utilization
Thermochemical Reforming of Wastes to Renewable Fuels . . . . . . . . . . 395
K. G. Burra and Ashwani K. Gupta
General Concepts for Catalytic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Waste
Cooking Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap and Nasar Mansir