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EMERGYEVALUATIONSOFTHEUNITEDSTATESCIVILWAR By ROBERTD.WOITHE ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1994 "wiIfmhpmyoartcthaaennmttatfthiiercedssiocrfeacntthibeoenpuaossftet?dhetOoarnparwlehydsiyicstcatbnhe'etritenhvteeerndssiiertedycitaninoondrdbreearterteoovferresscpeordnesaftdrrouocmftwptirhloedpfchihreaecrsyacittnoetrhhiiessttfiuoctrsuyr?oe"f, NormanMaclean, YoungMen&Fire ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Iamindebtedtomyparents,RobertA.andSusanP.Woithefortheirhelpandsupport throughacollegiateeducation.H.T.Odumasmajorprofessorprovidedassistance,suggestions, andsupportthatallowedmetopursueauniqueapproach.Likewise,Iwishtothanktheother membersofmygraduatecommittee,Drs.MarkT.Brown,RobertA.Hatch,ClydeKiker,and ClayL.Montague.DebraL.Childshelpedineditingthisdissertation,andthestaffandstudents oftheCentersforEnvironmentalPolicyandWetlandsandWaterResourcesassistedwiththe severalprojectsthatcomprisedmygraduatecareer.Finally,IoweadebttothemenofAlphaMu ofChiPsifrom1843to1993,whoinpersonorthroughtheirlegacies,introducedmetoboth systemsecologyandtothesystemsstudyofhistory. iii TABLEOFCONTENTS Bags ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ui LISTOFTABLES vii LISTOFFIGURES * LISTOFABBREVIATIONS xii SYMBOLSOFTHEENERGYCIRCUITLANGUAGE(ODUM,1971;1983) xiii ABSTRACT xiv CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 MeasuresofEnvironmentalEffort 2 EmergyConcepts 3 EmergyasanHistoricalMethod 7 TheUnitedStatesin1860andtheCivilWar 12 PlanofthisStudy 23 2. METHODS 29 GeneralEmergyEvaluationMethods 29 CalculationofNineteenth-CenturyTransformities 32 EmergyEvaluationsoftheUnitedStates(1850,1860,and1870) 36 EmergyEvaluationofGreatBritain 39 EmergyEvaluationsoftheConfederateStates 40 EmergyEvaluationsoftheUnionStates 40 EmergyEvaluationsoftheCivilWar 41 3. RESULTS 43 CalculationsofNineteenth-CenturyTransformities 43 EmergyEvaluationsoftheUnitedStatesin1850,1860,and1870 54 EmergyEvaluationofGreatBritainin1860 70 EmergyEvaluationoftheUnitedStatesSlaveSystem 75 EmergyEvaluationsoftheConfederateStates 75 EmergyEvaluationsoftheUnionStates 83 EmergyEvaluationsoftheCivilWar 89 4. DISCUSSION 98 ComparisonofNineteenth-andTwentieth-CenturyEmergyInputs 98 TEhmeerUgnyitBeadsiSstaotfesthienU1n8i5o0,na18n6d0C,oannfded1e8r7a0t,eaSntadteGsreaantdBtrhietaCiinviilnW1a8r60 110176 EmpoweroftheCivilWar 122 EmergiesandTransformitiesofBattle 123 ComparisonsoftheCivilWarandOtherWars 127 EmergyandEmancipation:TheUnitedStatesSlaveSystem 133 TheCivilWarandthePulsingParadigm 134 EmergyandHistory:WhatThisStudySuggests 134 APPENDICES A.ENERGYANDMASSCONVERSIONSUSEDINTHISSTUDY 139 B.CALCULATIONSINSUPPORTOFTABLE3-7,EMERGYEVALUATION OFTHEUNITEDSTATESIN1850 140 C.CALCULATIONSINSUPPORTOFTABLE3-10,EMERGYEVALUATION OFTHEUNITEDSTATESIN1860 147 D.CALCULATIONSINSUPPORTOFTABLE3-13,EMERGYEVALUATION OFTHEUNITEDSTATESIN1870 145 E. CALCOUFLGARTEIAOTNSBRIINTSAUIPNPIONR1T86O0FTABLE3-16,EMERGYEVALUATION 161 F. CALCOUFLTAHTEIOCNOSNFIENDSEURPAPTOERTSTOAFTTEASBILNE138-6109,EMERGYEVALUATION 165 G.CALCEUMLEARTGIYONESVAILNUSAUTPIPOONRTOFOFTHTEABCLOENF3-E26D,ECRHAATNEGSETSATINESTHFEROM 1862THROUGH1865 171 H.CALCULATIONSINSUPPORTOFTABLE3-23,EMERGYEVALUATION OFTHEUNIONSTATESIN1860 173 I. CALCEUVLAALTUIAOTNISONINOSFUTPHPEORUTNIOOFNTSATBALTEES3-2F6,ROCHMA1N8G62ETSHIRNOTUHGEHEM18E65RGY181 J. CALCRUELQUAITRIEOMNESNITNSS,UFPLPOOWRST,OAFNTDADBELSET3R-U27C,TEIMOENRSGTYOROAFGTEHSEDURING THEUNITEDSTATESCIVILWAR1861-1865 184 REFERENCESCITED 190 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 206 LISTOFTABLES Page Table1-1.Definitionsforemergyandemergyevaluationterminology 5 Table2-1.Formatoftheemergyevaluationtablesusedinthisstudy 31 Table2-2.Transformities,emergy-moneyratios,emmassities,andemergyconversions fromthisandotherstudiesusedinthisstudy'semergycalculations 33 Table3-1.Calculationsforthetransformitiesofagriculturalproductscirca1850-1860 44 Table3-2.Calculationsforthetransformitiesofwater-andsteamenginepower 47 Table3-3.Calculationsforthetransformitiesofsulfur,niter,andgunpowdercirca1860 49 Table3-4.Calculationsforthetransformitiesofleadpigandleadproducts 52 Table3-5.Calculationsforthetransformitiesofpigironandironproducts 55 Table3-6.EmergyevaluationoftheUnitedStatesin1850 56 Table3-7.Summaryof1850UnitedStatesannualempowerandmoneyflows fromTable3-6 57 Table3-8.UnitedStates1850emergyindicesderivedfromTable3-7 58 Table3-9.EmergyevaluationoftheUnitedStatesin1860 61 Table3-10.Summaryof1860UnitedStatesannualempowerandmoneyflows fromTable3-9 62 Table3-11.UnitedStates1860emergyindicesderivedfromTable3-10 63 Table3-12.EmergyevaluationoftheUnitedStatesin1870 65 Table3-13.Summaryof1870UnitedStatesannualempowerandmoneyflows fromTable3-12 66 Table3-14.UnitedStates1870emergyindicesderivedfromTable3-13 67 Table3-15.EmergyevaluationofGreatBritainin1860 70 Table3-16.Summaryof1860GreatBritainannualempowerandmoneyflows fromTable3-15 71 Table3-17.GreatBritain1860emergyindicesderivedfromTable3-16 72 Table3-18.AnemergyevaluationofUnitedStatesslaveplantationagriculture 76 Table3-19.EmergyevaluationoftheConfederatestatesin1860 78 Table3-20.Summaryof1860Confederatestatesannualempowerandmoneyflowsfrom Table3-19 79 Table3-21.Confederatestates1860emergyindicesderivedfromTable3-20 80 Table3-22.SignificantchangesintheemergyevaluationoftheConfederatestatesfrom 1861through1865 81 Table3-23.EmergyevaluationoftheFederalorUnionstatesin1860 82 Table3-24.Summaryof1861Federalstatesannualempowerandmoneyflowsfrom Table3-23 84 Table3-25.Federalstates1860emergyindicesderivedfromTable3-24 85 Table3-26.SignificantchangesintheemergyevaluationoftheFederalstatesfrom 1862through1865 86 Table3-27.Emergyoftherequirements,flows,anddestructionstoragesduringthe UnitedStatesCivilWar,1861-1865 87 Table3-28.EmergycharacteristicsofahypotheticalcivilwarbattlebasedondatafromtheBattle ofGettysburg,1-3July1863 96 Table4-1.Asummaryofthenineteenth-centurytransformities,emmassities,emergy-money ratiosandotheremergyconversionscalculatedinthisstudy 99 Table4-2.Acomparisonofsomeemergyandeconomicindicesin1870and1980 106 Table4-3.Totalhumansystemuse(15),annualpercapitaempower(119),andemergy-money ratios(120)calculatedfortheUnitedStatesin1860usingfourmethods 108 Table4-4.Acomparisonofemergyindicesforthenineteenth-centuryU.S.andGreatBritainto thosefor17othernationsinthe1980sandforseventeenth-centurySweden 115 Table4-5.Theemergyrequiredtowagewarversestheemergyofthewar'sdestruction fortheUnionandConfederacyduringtheCivilWar 121 Table4-6.Acomparisonoftransformitiesforthecomponentsofabattle 126 Table4-7.Aostfcotorhmaegpea1sr7itdhsu-orcinennogtftuthrheyeUSenwmieetdreidgsyhStoEaftmtepshierCireveiqluiWraerm,entthse,Vfiloewtsn,aamnWdadrest,rauncdtitohneoWfars 128 Table4-8.Theemergyrequiredtowagewarversestheemergyofthewar'sdestruction fortheCivilWarandtheVietnamWar 129 Table4-9.Theemergyrequiredtowagewarversestheemergyofthewar'sdestruction fortheCivilWarandthePersianGulfWar 130 Table4-10.Comparisonsoftheeffort-effectratiosfortheCivilWar,theVietnamWar,and thePersianGulfWar 132 LISTOFFIGURES Page Figure1-1.AnenergycircuitdiagramofanaggregatedmodeloftheUnitedStatesin1860 16 Figure1-2.UnitedStateslandareafarmedin1860 18 Figure1-3.AmodeltheUnitedStatesslaverysystem 21 Figure1-4.UnionandConfederatestatesduringtheUnitedStatesCivilWar 23 Figure1-5.AnaggregatedmodeloftheUnitedStatesCivilWar,1861-1865 24 Figure1-6.SomeofthemajorengagementsandoperationsoftheUnitedStatesCivilWar 25 Figure1-7.Therelationshipsbetweentheevaluationsinthisstudy 28 Figure3-1Modelsof1860U.S.agriculturalproduction 44 Figure3-2.Modelsofwater-powerproductionandsteamengine-powerproduction intheU.S.circa1865 47 Figure3-3.Amodelof1860gunpowdermanufacture 49 Figure3-4.Amodelof1860sleadandleadpigmanufacturefromcoalandgalena 52 Figure3-5.Amodelof1860ironandpigironmanufacturefromcoal 55 Figure3-6.AnaggregatedmodeloftheUnitedStatesin1860showingtheflowstowhichthe termsinTable3-9correspond 61 Figure3-7.Therenewable,non-renewable,import,andexportemergybasesofthe UnitedStatesin1850,1860,and1870 69 Figure3-8.Therenewable,non-renewable,import,andexportemergysupportofthe UnitedStatesandGreatBritainin1860 74 Figure3-9.AmodeloftheUnitedStatesplantationslaverysystemcirca1850-1860 76 Figure3-10.Therenewable,non-renewable,import,andexportemergybasesofthe UnionandConfederatestatesin1860 89