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HARDBACK SPINE 39.6MM e ‘We won’t be able to address climate The relationship between energy and the change if the world sees it purely as an environment has been the basis of many studies environmental problem.That’s why books over the years, as has the relationship between like this, which show we can tackle energy and development, yet both of these climate change and promote prosperity, approaches may produce distortions. In the first are so important. By drawing out the links edition of this book, José Goldemberg pioneered E between climate change and economic the study of all three elements in relation to development it provides the sort of one another. With contributions from Oswaldo N broader framework for thinking that will Lucon, this second edition has been expanded D V help us get the big decisions right.’ and updated to cover how energy is related to E ED MILIBAND, the major challenges of sustainability faced by I Secretary of State for Energy and Climate the world today. V R E Change, UK Government E O New coverage is included of today’s pressing N ‘This very timely book is a welcome issues, including security, environmental impact L N E addition to the literature on a topic that is assessment and future climate change/renewable O rightly occupying centre stage in global energy regimes. The authors also cover all major M R discussions. Climate change is the biggest new international agreements and technological P G challenge our civilization has had to face developments. The second edition of Energy, M E because it requires the collective response Environment and Developmentis the result of N Y of all peoples and all nations. The view of many years of study and practical experience E , developing countries, contained in this in policy formulation, discussion and N T volume, is crucial to negotiations towards implementation in these fields by the authors. defossilizing our economies.’ Its technical yet accessible style will make T A PROFESSOR SIR DAVID KING, it suitable for students on a range of courses, N Director of the Smith School of as well as non-energy specialists who desire D Enterprise and the Environment an overview of recent thought in the area. and Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK ENERGY, SECOND EDITION Government 2000–2007 José Goldembergis Professor and former Rector of the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil. ‘Energy systems need to change around He contributed to the Nobel-awarded International A J N O ENVIRONMENT the world to help address environment Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and was D S AND and other sustainable development recognized by Time Magazine as a ‘Hero of the OÉ M challenges. How energy solutions can be Environment’. In 2008, he won the Blue Planet O.CO SW G identified, developed, and implemented Prize for contributions to the environment. HOT A O DEVELOPMENT Inist eorfn garteiTaoHtn caOolr MneInccAosetmrSin tBmu t.to eeJ nO ufdosHe rad AIl nlNr.ed TSaudShsiOtinrsNig ai!sl,’ OaEoInnfns vdtvweh iCnareolt ldo2nimor0my 0La e6Gtun eIcut PCoaiCdlnh eSCailesni cn GgTreerees etca eaahtnrn nithdahiotc ei.ua s HlS s leãAee oa Gdw dPva aiaasssuu o Elltreomh a ooSdinrst saaoEitufone tntehhrogery KUS WACHTER/ISTOCKP LLDO UC LDEMBE Environmental Economics, Panel’s Special Report on Renewable Energy MAR O R SECOND EDITION Lund University, Sweden Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. AST © N G M R WE O ISBN 978-1-84407-748-9 ear thscan WITH P ea ,!7IB8E4-ahheij! publishing for a sustainable future NFIELD rt JOSÉ GOLDEMBERG www.earthscan.co.uk OR h Earthscan strives to minimize AGE: C sc OSWALDO LUCON M a AND ENERGY / DEVELOPMENT its impact on the environment VER I n O C 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page i Energy, Environment and Development 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page ii 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page iii Energy, Environment and Development José Goldemberg and Oswaldo Lucon London•Sterling,VA 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page iv FirstpublishedbyEarthscanintheUKandUSAin2010 Copyright©ProfessorJoséGoldembergandOswaldoLucon,2010 Firsteditionpublishedin1996 Allrightsreserved ISBN:HB978-1-84407-748-9 PB 978-1-84407-749-6 Typesetby4wordLtd,Bristol,UK CoverdesignbyAndrewCorbett Forafulllistofpublications,pleasecontact: Earthscan DunstanHouse 14aStCrossStreet LondonEC1N8XA,UK Tel: +44(0)2078411930 Fax: +44(0)2072421474 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883QuicksilverDrive,Sterling,VA20166-2012,USA EarthscanpublishesinassociationwiththeInternationalInstituteforEnvironment andDevelopment AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Goldemberg,José,1928- Energy,environmentanddevelopment/JoséGoldembergandOswaldoLucon. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-84407-748-9(hardback)-ISBN978-1-84407-749-6(pbk.) 1. Energy development-Environmentalaspects.2. Energyconsumption. I.Lucon,Oswaldo.II.Title. TD195.E49G852009 333.79’14-dc22 2009006512 AtEarthscanwestrivetominimizeourenvironmentalimpactsandcarbonfootprint throughreducingwaste,recyclingandoffsettingourCO emissions,includingthose 2 createdthroughpublicationofthisbook.Formoredetailsofourenvironmentalpolicy, seewww.earthscan.co.uk ThisbookwasprintedintheUKbyCromwellPressGroup ThepaperusedisFSCcertifiedandtheinksarevegetablebased. 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page v Contents ListofFigures,TablesandBoxes vii ForewordtotheSecondEdition xxi ForewordbyAchimSteiner xxiii ListofAcronymsandAbbreviations xxv 1Connections 1 2Energy 3 Forces Conceptofenergy Theexpansionofgasesandtheevolutionofsteamengines Power Thelawsofthermodynamics 3EnergyandHumanActivities 35 Theenergycostofsatisfyingbasichumanneeds Energyconsumptionasafunctionofincome Energyconsumptioninruralareasandinperi-urbanhouseholds 4EnergySources 45 Classificationofthesourcesofenergy Energybalances Energyresourcesandreserves Energyconsumptionperinhabitant 5EnergyandDevelopment 65 GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)andNationalAccounting Economicgrowth Disparitiesinincomedistribution QualityoflifeandtheKuznetscurve HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI) Therelationshipforenergy-development Energyintensity:energyandeconomicproduct 6Energy:TheFacts 101 Environmentalimpactsduetoenergyproductionanduse Qualificationofenvironmentalimpactsinfunctionofincome Localurbanpollution 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page vi vi Energy,EnvironmentandDevelopment Regionalpollution Globalaspects:thegreenhouseeffect Occupationalpollution 7EnergyandtheEnvironment:TheCauses 181 Indicators Contributionbysources 8TechnicalSolutions 243 Energyefficiency Technologicaladvancesinpowerproduction Renewableenergies Transportation Industryandotherstationarypollutionsources Electricityconsumptioninresidential,commercialand publicsectors Combattingdeforestation 9PoliciestoReduceEnvironmentalDegradation 337 Geographicalscaleofimpacts Environmentallawandenergy Environmentalsupportcapacity:managementbyquality Environmentalprotectioncosts Thecostofclimatechange Energypolicies Integratedresourceplanning Barriersforemissionreductionandovercomingpolicies Controlofdeforestation 10WorldEnergyTrends 381 Projections Conclusionsfromtheoutlooks Technologicalchange Energyintensitytrends 11EnergyandLifestyles 403 Lifestyleandconsumptionpatterns Consumerprofiles 12EnergyandtheScienceAcademies 413 Annex1Energy,EnvironmentandDevelopmentTimeline 417 Annex2ConversionUnits 429 Index 441 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page vii List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 2.1 Potentialandkineticenergy 6 2.2 Relationshipbetweenpotentialandkineticenergiesand 6 work 2.3 Workdoesnotdependonthepathway 7 2.4 Perpetualmotion:left,thesymbolofawheelinIndian 8 SanchiStupa;above,theprincipledescribedby Brahmagupta 2.5 RobertFludd’sperpetualmotionpresentedat‘DeSimila 9 Naturae’ 2.6 Internalenergycomponents 10 2.7 Examplesofanopen(tree)andaclosed(PlanetEarth) 13 system 2.8 ExpansionofgasesandtheexperimentbyHeronof 16 Alexandria 2.9 Mechanicalworkconductedbyairexpansion 17 2.10 Newcomen’sengine 17 2.11 Evolutioninsteamengines’efficiency 18 2.12 Energyconversionprocesses 22 2.13 Signalconventionforwork(W)andheat(Q) 23 2.14 LawZeroofThermodynamics:thermalequilibrium 23 principle 2.15 Energybalanceinaclosedsystem,withoutmassflows 24 2.16 EnergybalanceoftheEarth 24 2.17 Energybalanceinanopensystem 25 2.18 Entropyandmixtureoftwogases:(a)beforeand(b)after 26 2.19 Efficiencyofheatengines 27 2.20 SankeyDiagram:energyflowsandefficiency 28 2.21 ExamplesofstagesoftheCarnotCycle 29 2.22 DemonstrationoftheCarnotCycle,diagramT-S 29 2.23 Thermalengineandheatpump 30 3.1 Developmentstagesandenergyconsumption 36 3.2 Energyconsumptionbyincomeclass(measuredby 39 minimumwages)inBrazil,1988 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page viii viii Energy,EnvironmentandDevelopment 3.3 Householdenergyusebyenergycommodity 40 3.4 Costofthemajorinputsinpercentualfunctionofthe 43 wageunitinBrazilbetween1999and2003 4.1 Worldenergybyprimarysources,2006 48 4.2 Lifecycleofanenergysystem 49 4.3 Worldprimaryenergysupplybysource 50 4.4 Totalfuel(secondaryenergy)consumptionbyregion 50 4.5 Worldprovedoilreservesinbillionsofbarrels,endof 56 2007 5.1 Long-termhistoricalevolutionofindustrializedcountries’ 66 energyintensity 5.2 Powerconsumption(2003)andgrossdomesticproduct 68 atthepurchasingpowerparity,2004 5.3 GDPpercapitaintheworld,in2005nominalUSdollars, 75 anditsrelationwiththeGDPmeasuredbythepurchasing powerparity–PPP 5.4 Projectionsforpopulationgrowth(inbillions)ofdeveloped 76 anddevelopingregions 5.5 Worldincomedistribution,1992 80 5.6 Populationdistribution(area=100percentorabout 80 sixbillionpeople)infunctionoftheworldincomein2000 5.7 Incomedistributionamongthepopulationindifferent 81 countriesin2000 5.8 Incomedistribution:graphicrepresentationoftheLorentz 81 curvewhichallowscalculatingtheGiniindex 5.9 Kuznetscurve 83 5.10 Kuznetscurveandtheleapfroggingeffect 84 5.11 Schematicrepresentationoftheeffectofintroducing 85 environmentalprotectionpoliciesontheincome 5.12 HDIbycountryovertime 87 5.13 EnergyandtheUNpriorityareasfordevelopment 89 5.14 Incomeasafunctionofcommercialenergypercapita 90 5.15 HDIasafunctionofenergyconsumptionpercapita, 91 bycountry 5.16 HDIinfunctionof(directandindirect)energy 92 consumptionpercapita,pernon-OECDcountry,2003 5.17 Graphicrepresentationofelasticities 94 6.1 Stagesofpollutantsimpact:emissions,atmospheric 108 dispersion,intakebyreceptorsandpossible bioaccumulation,pathologies 6.2 Pollutionplumeandconcentrationofagivensubstance: 109 resultsofdispersionmodels 00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page ix ListofFigures,TablesandBoxes ix 6.3 Contaminationofwaterbeds(plumerepresentingthe 110 increaseinpollutantconcentrationinundergroundwater) byfuelleakages(loadcausedbyemissions)inavehicle fillingstation 6.4 Transitionoftheenvironmentalimpactrisksofair 111 pollutioninfunctionofincomelevels 6.5 SO emissionsinfunctionofincomeinMexico 112 2 6.6 CO emissions asafunctionofincome(adjustedbythe 113 2 purchasingpowerparity–PPP)bycountryin2000 6.7 Microeconomicrepresentationoftheexternalityconcept 114 onthesupplyanddemandcurves 6.8 PollutioninDonora,Pennsylvania,US,1910and1948 116 6.9 TheGreatLondonSmog,1952:photographsanddaily 117 sulphurdioxideconcentrationsandrelateddeaths 6.10 PM concentrationsinAsiancities,2003,andothercities 120 10 intheworld,1997 6.11 Proportionofservicelifeyearslostduetodiseases 121 attributedtoairpollutionin2003 6.12 Fineparticulates 124 6.13 Pathwaysofpollutants 125 6.14 AnnualpollutantconcentrationsinselectedChinesecities 127 6.15 Thermalinversion 128 6.16 Differenteffectsofpollutantconcentrationbyplume 130 emissions,functionofthetemperatureprofile 6.17 EmissioninventoryoflocalpollutantsintheUS 131 6.18 ContributionofkeycategoriestoEU-27emissionsofNO , 132 x CO,NMVOCs,SO ,NH ,PM andPM in2006 x 3 10 2.5 6.19 Backgroundpollution:particulatematterburningsinthe 133 AmazonanditspathuptothecityofSaoPaulo 6.20 Annualaverageofozoneconcentrations,partsperbillionin 134 volume,2000 6.21 Atmospherelayers:troposphereandstratosphere 135 6.22 HydrogenionconcentrationaspHfrommeasurementsin 136 theUS,1999 6.23 AcidificationrisksinEurope,1990 137 6.24 Acidraincycle 138 6.25 Acidrain:emittersandreceptors 140 6.26 The‘greenhouseeffect’ 141 6.27 Changesinthegreenhouseeffectmechanism 142 6.28 Maincomponentsoftheradiativeforcingofclimatechange 143 between1750and2005 6.29 Causesofriseinoceanlevel 145