Energy-efficient wireless sensor networks

297 Pages·2017·6.435 MB·English

by  Vidushi Sharma, Anuradha Pughat

Energy-Efficient Wireless
Sensor Networks

Energy-Efficient Wireless
Sensor Networks
Edited by
Vidushi Sharma and Anuradha Pughat
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I, Vidushi Sharma, dedicate this book to my lifeline and energy source—my husband, Rohit Sharma;
my brother, Sadashiv Sharma; and my son, Shourya.
I thank and acknowledge my family especially my in-laws, Veena Sharma and Lt. Shri K.D.
Sharma, for their blessings and motivation. I thank my parents, Shri K.N. Sharma and Saroj Sharma,
for instilling the quest of knowledge and lovely people who brighten my life, Sharad Gaur, Shikha Gaur,
and Shipra Sharma. My little angels, Shreya, Shourya, Vidip, Vidu, and Vasu, are my energy harvest-
ers as they bring smile back in the moments of stress. Thank you all.
I, Anuradha Pughat, dedicate this book to my husband, Sumit Kumar, for standing beside me
throughout my career and the writing of this book. He has been my rock and inspiration, motivation
for continuing to improve my knowledge and move my career forward.
I would like to thank my parents including my in-laws for allowing and supporting me to follow
my ambitions throughout my career. I want to acknowledge my sisters (Manisha gg, Neelam, Reena,
Moni, and Renu) who shared my happiness when starting this project and following with encourage-
ment, when it seemed too difficult to be completed; my lovely children: HariOm Pughat, Prithveeraj S.
Pughat, and new born Adhiraj S. Pughat, for always making me smile and for understanding on those
mornings and nights when I was writing this book instead of playing with them. I hope that one day
they can read this book and understand why I spent so much time in front of my laptop.
Above all, we thank GOD for being the guiding beacon and infusing us with aspirations,
which he desires us to achieve.

Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................xv
Editors ....................................................................................................................................xvii
Contributors ............................................................................................................................xix
1 Introduction to Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks ........................................1
VIDUSHI SHARMA AND ANURADHA PUGHAT
2 Medium Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks ...............................................27
VIDUSHI SHARMA, GAYATRI SAKYA, AND ANURADHA PUGHAT
3 Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks ........................................................................43
VINAY KUMAR SINGH
4 Clustering for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks ..................................69
PUNEET AZAD
5 Power Management in Sensor Node .........................................................................115
ANURADHA PUGHAT AND VIDUSHI SHARMA
6 Energy Harvesting Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks ..........................................137
GOURAV VERMA, VIDUSHI SHARMA, AND ANURADHA PUGHAT
7 Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks .......................................................165
PRASHANT SHUKLA, VIDUSHI SHARMA, AND ANURADHA PUGHAT
8 Sensor Network Security ..........................................................................................179
AARTI GAUTAM DINKER AND VIDUSHI SHARMA
9 Communication, Localization, Coverage, Error and Control, Time
Synchronization, Naming and Addressing, and Cross-Layer Issues ........................213
ANURADHA PUGHAT, PARUL TIWARI, VIDUSHI SHARMA, AND NEETA SINGH
10 Advanced Applications and Challenges ...................................................................241
VIDUSHI SHARMA
11 The Future for Sensor Networks—Cloud and IoT ...................................................249
ARJUN K. SIROHI
Index .................................................................................................................................265
vii

Preface
The world is changing as technology is taking a leap into the future. The traditional systems are
gone and the plethora of applications has come up with the advent of sensor networks. These
self-organizing miniature sensor nodes deployed in an area weave a magical network to sense,
transmit, and communicate with the world through sink gateways and clouds. Wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) comprised of a sensor node with sensing and communication capabilities have
changed the business models of traditional enterprises such as healthcare industries, defense, sup-
ply chain management, and electronic commerce, to name a few, and are now permeating every
sphere of our life. It is a paradigm shift where we can monitor and control remote locations
through our computer, handheld devices, and Internet. It is a time when the Internet of Things
(IoT) and sensor networks are closely integrated to create numerous other applications.
Energy is required by sensor networks for sensing, communication, synchronization, routing
of information, and various other processes. Besides sensing and communication, energy con-
sumption is there in hardware operations, software processes, and running various operative algo-
rithms. Here one can say that the potential of WSNs is extensive, but one of the critical limiting
factors out of main concern is the limited energy of the networks. Limited resource energy has led
to research in the area of energy conservation: optimization, energy harvesting, and increasing the
efficiency of sensor network will cease to exist if energy is depleted. Further, each component and
process which consumes energy has to be critically analyzed and efficient mechanisms should be
devised for optimizing resources.
This book aims to cover all the aspects of sensor networks with respect to energy conservation
and optimization. There are several textbooks and reference books in the area of sensor networks.
Researchers have also published their work in the form of articles and research papers in this
domain. But one central idea to which we all arrive is to make WSNs more efficient. Efficiency
metrics of WSNs include lifetime, cost, size, reliability, fault tolerance, etc., and most of them are
culminating at the energy efficiency problem. Hence, the main objective of this book is to address
energy-efficiency issues from diverse areas of low-level hardware design and communication to the
high-level concept of data aggregation, routing, synchronization, localization, etc.
This book outlines the mechanisms, techniques, and algorithms of the physical layer, the media
access control (MAC) layer, and the network layer in context with energy efficiency. It delves into
energy-efficient security mechanisms and also presents open issues in the area of security. Special
attention to MAC protocols is given and the state of the art has been presented. Advancements
in energy-efficient algorithms using soft computing techniques and comparative analysis of these
with traditional techniques have been brought up. The hierarchical network that improves life-
time has been discussed. Operational-level power management and energy harvesting have been
explored. Other operational processes such as data aggregation, localization, time synchroniza-
tion, and coverage have been presented along with open research issues. Finally, application and
ix