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Energy Efficient and Compact RF High-Power Amplifiers PDF

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Energy Efficient and Compact RF High-Power Amplifiers DavidAngel CALVILLO CORTÉS Energy Efficient and Compact RF High-Power Amplifiers Proefschrift terverkrijgingvandegraadvandoctor aandeTechnischeUniversiteitDelft, opgezagvandeRectorMagnificusprof.ir.K.C.A.M.Luyben, voorzittervanhetCollegevoorPromoties, inhetopenbaarteverdedigenopmaandag17november2014om12:30uur door DavidAngel CALVILLO CORTÉS elektrotechnischingenieur geborenteGuadalajara,México. Ditproefschriftisgoedgekeurddoordepromotor: Prof.dr.R.B.Staszewski Copromotor: Dr.ing.L.C.N.deVreede Samenstellingpromotiecommissie: RectorMagnificus, voorzitter Prof.dr.R.B.Staszewski, TechnischeUniversiteitDelft,promotor Dr.ing.L.C.N.deVreede, TechnischeUniversiteitDelft,copromotor Prof.dr.S.C.Cripps, CardiffUniversity,VerenigdKoninkrijk(UK) Prof.dr.ir.P.Reynaert, KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,België(BE) Prof.dr.H.F.F.Jos, ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,Zweden(SE) Prof.dr.ir.P.G.M.Baltus, TechnischeUniversiteitEindhoven Prof.dr.A.Neto, TechnischeUniversiteitDelft Prof.dr.ir.P.M.Sarro, TechnischeUniversiteitDelft,reservelid DavidAngelCalvillo-Cortes, EnergyEfficientandCompactRFHigh-PowerAmplifiers, Ph.D.Thesis(withsummaryinDutch), DelftUniversityofTechnology. Keywords: Poweramplifier(PA),GaN,switch-mode,class-E,class-B,outphasing, Chireixcombiner,radiofrequency(RF),basestation,bondwire,trans- former,high-voltageCMOS,driver. Printedby: Proefschriftmaken.nl||UitgeverijBOXPress Coverdesign: A.BereniceCalvilloCortés&DavidA.CalvilloCortés ISBN:978-94-6295-007-8 Copyright©2014byDavidAngelCalvillo-Cortes Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutthepriorwrittenpermission ofthecopyrightowner. PrintedinTheNetherlands. Amispadres,miesposaymiamadafamilia. C ONTENTS ListofFigures xi ListofTables xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Moderncellularnetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Theenergycostofwirelesscommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 TheefficiencychallengeinRFpoweramplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Efficiencyenhancementtechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 Thesisobjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 Thesisoutline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 OutphasingAmplifierFundamentals 13 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 Outphasingmodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Efficiencyandpowerfactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4 Outphasingwithisolatingcombiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.4.1 Outphasingwithpowerrecovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4.2 MultilevelLINCamplifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5 Outphasingwithnon-isolatingcombiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5.1 FundamentalChireixcombiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5.2 Chireixcompensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5.3 PracticalimplementationsofChireixcombiners. . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.6 Otheradd-onefficiency-enhancementtechniquesforoutphasing . . . . . 28 2.6.1 Mixed-modeoutphasingoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.6.2 N-wayoutphasingcombiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.7 Outphasingnon-idealities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.7.1 Finiteoutputconductance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.7.2 Finitepowergain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.7.3 Bandwidthexpansionofthebranchsignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.7.4 Branchimbalances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.8 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3 StudyofLoad-ModulatedAmplifiersI:DesignandEfficiencyPerformance 41 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2 Asimplifiedlarge-signaltransistormodelforPAstudies . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2.1 Propertiesofthemodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2.2 Modelformulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2.3 Selectionofmodelparameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 vii viii CONTENTS 3.3 Stand-alonebranchamplifieroperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3.1 Class-Bbranchamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3.2 Class-Ebranchamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.4 Dohertyamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.5 Outphasingamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5.1 Outphasingwithclass-Bbranchamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5.2 Outphasingwithclass-Ebranchamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.6 Averageefficiencycomparisonsofload-modulatedamplifiers . . . . . . . 66 3.7 Verificationwithenvelopesimulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.8 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4 StudyofLoad-ModulatedAmplifiersII:BandwidthExpansion 77 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.2 Bandwidthexpansioninload-modulatedamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.3 Effectofnear-originsignaltrajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.4 Bandwidthexpansionintheidealoutphasingamplifier . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5 BondwireMagneticsforCompactHigh-PowerAmplifiers 89 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2 Basicsofinductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2.1 Inductancefundamentalcalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.2.2 Inductancesforround-wireconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.2.3 Lossesandcurrent-handlingofbondwires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.3 Designandmodelingofbondwireinductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.4 Designandmodelingofbondwiretransformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.5 Practicalimplementationofaparallel-bondwiretransformer. . . . . . . . 101 5.5.1 Transformerdesignandimplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.5.2 Transformersimulatedperformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.5.3 TransformerRFmeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6 TowardsPackage-IntegratedHigh-PowerRFStages 109 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.2 Designingpackage-integratedPAmodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.3 CompactPAdesign1:a65Wclass-EPAoperatingat1.7-2.3GHz. . . . . . 111 6.3.1 Widebandclass-EPAdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.3.2 CompactPAimplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.3.3 Measurementresults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.4 CompactPAdesign2:a70Wclass-EPAoperatingat1.7-2.6GHz . . . . . 118 6.4.1 Widebandclass-EPAdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.4.2 CompactPAimplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.4.3 Power-scalablePAimplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.4.4 RFmeasurementresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 6.5 Analysisofbondwiretolerances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 CONTENTS ix 7 Package-IntegratedChireixOutphasingRFAmplifier 129 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.2 Broadbandoutphasingswitch-modeamplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.2.1 Broadbandoutphasingcombiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.2.2 Load-insensitiveSMPAsforoutphasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.2.3 OutphasingSMPAsystemperformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.3 OutphasingSMPAdemonstrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.3.1 Transformer-basedChireixcombiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7.3.2 PAdesignandimplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.4 Experimentalresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7.4.1 Measurementsetupandcalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7.4.2 Staticcharacterization:single-tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 7.4.3 Dynamiccharacterization:W-CDMAsignal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8 High-VoltageCMOSDriversforSwitch-ModePAs 149 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.2 HVCMOStechnologydescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 8.3 HVCMOSdriversdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8.4 HVCMOSdriversmeasurementresults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 8.5 ExamplesofHVCMOSdriversinGaNSMPAs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 9 ConclusionsandRecommendations 163 9.1 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 9.1.1 Outphasingamplifiertechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 9.1.2 System-levelstudiesofload-modulatedamplifiers . . . . . . . . . 164 9.1.3 Designofcompactbondwiremagneticcomponents. . . . . . . . . 166 9.1.4 Package-integratedhigh-powerRFstages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 9.1.5 Package-integratedChireixoutphasingamplifier . . . . . . . . . . 167 9.1.6 High-voltageCMOSdriversforswitch-modePAs . . . . . . . . . . 167 9.2 Recommendationsforfurtherresearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 References 171 Summary 183 Samenvatting 185 ListofPublications 187 Acknowledgements 189 AbouttheAuthor 191

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Energy Efficient and Compact RF High-Power Amplifiers, 1 Introduction. 1 . 6.4 Compact PA design 2: a 70 W class-E PA operating at 1.7-2.6 GHz . choice to target the highest possible performance for the aimed circuit
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