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S E E c o n d d i t i o n E E nErgy fficiEncy r E and EnEwablE nErgy H a n d b o o k © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC MECHANICAL and AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Frank Kreith & Darrell W. Pepper Series Editors RECENTLY PUBLISHED TITLES Air Distribution in Buildings, Essam E. Khalil Alternative Fuels for Transportation, Edited by Arumugam S. Ramadhas Computer Techniques in Vibration, Edited by Clarence W. de Silva Design and Control of Automotive Propulsion Systems, Zongxuan Sun and Guoming (George) Zhu Distributed Generation: The Power Paradigm for the New Millennium, Edited by Anne-Marie Borbely and Jan F. Kreider Elastic Waves in Composite Media and Structures: With Applications to Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, Subhendu K. Datta and Arvind H. Shah Elastoplasticity Theory, Vlado A. Lubarda Energy Audit of Building Systems: An Engineering Approach, Moncef Krarti Energy Conversion, Second Edition, Edited by D. Yogi Goswami and Frank Kreith Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Handbook, Second Edition, Edited by D. Yogi Goswami and Frank Kreith Energy Efficiency in the Urban Environment, Heba Allah Essam E. Khalil and Essam E. Khalil Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, Second Edition, Edited by Frank Kreith and D. Yogi Goswami Essentials of Mechanical Stress Analysis, Amir Javidinejad The Finite Element Method Using MATLAB®, Second Edition, Young W. Kwon and Hyochoong Bang Fluid Power Circuits and Controls: Fundamentals and Applications, John S. Cundiff Fuel Cells: Principles, Design, and Analysis, Shripad Revankar and Pradip Majumdar Fundamentals of Environmental Discharge Modeling, Lorin R. Davis Handbook of Hydrogen Energy, Edited by S.A. Sherif, D. Yogi Goswami, Elias K. Stefanakos, and Aldo Steinfeld Heat Transfer in Single and Multiphase Systems, Greg F. Naterer Heating and Cooling of Buildings: Design for Efficiency, Revised Second Edition, Jan F. Kreider, Peter S. Curtiss, and Ari Rabl Intelligent Transportation Systems: Smart and Green Infrastructure Design, Second Edition, Sumit Ghosh and Tony S. Lee Introduction to Biofuels, David M. Mousdale Introduction to Precision Machine Design and Error Assessment, Edited by Samir Mekid Introductory Finite Element Method, Chandrakant S. Desai and Tribikram Kundu Large Energy Storage Systems Handbook, Edited by Frank S. Barnes and Jonah G. Levine © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Machine Elements: Life and Design, Boris M. Klebanov, David M. Barlam, and Frederic E. Nystrom Mathematical and Physical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations, Olusegun Johnson Ilegbusi, Manabu Iguchi, and Walter E. Wahnsiedler Mechanics of Composite Materials, Autar K. Kaw Mechanics of Fatigue, Vladimir V. Bolotin Mechanism Design: Enumeration of Kinematic Structures According to Function, Lung-Wen Tsai Mechatronic Systems: Devices, Design, Control, Operation and Monitoring, Edited by Clarence W. de Silva The MEMS Handbook, Second Edition (3 volumes), Edited by Mohamed Gad-el-Hak MEMS: Introduction and Fundamentals MEMS: Applications MEMS: Design and Fabrication Multiphase Flow Handbook, Edited by Clayton T. Crowe Nanotechnology: Understanding Small Systems, Third Edition, Ben Rogers, Jesse Adams, Sumita Pennathur Nuclear Engineering Handbook, Edited by Kenneth D. Kok Optomechatronics: Fusion of Optical and Mechatronic Engineering, Hyungsuck Cho Practical Inverse Analysis in Engineering, David M. Trujillo and Henry R. Busby Pressure Vessels: Design and Practice, Somnath Chattopadhyay Principles of Solid Mechanics, Rowland Richards, Jr. Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems, Second Edition, Edited by Frank Kreith with Susan Krumdieck, Co-Editor Thermodynamics for Engineers, Kau-Fui Vincent Wong Vibration and Shock Handbook, Edited by Clarence W. de Silva Vibration Damping, Control, and Design, Edited by Clarence W. de Silva Viscoelastic Solids, Roderic S. Lakes Weatherization and Energy Efficiency Improvement for Existing Homes: An Engineering Approach, Moncef Krarti © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC S E E c o n d d i t i o n E E nErgy fficiEncy r E and EnEwablE nErgy h a n D b o o k EditEd by D. Yogi goswami Frank kreith Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20141121 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8509-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................xv Editors...........................................................................................................................................xvii Contributors..................................................................................................................................xix Section I Global Energy Systems, Policy, and Economics 1. Global Energy Systems..........................................................................................................3 D. Yogi Goswami and Frank Kreith 2. Sound Finance Policies for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy......................33 Michael Curley 3. State and Federal Policies for Renewable Energy...........................................................45 Christopher Namovicz 4. Strategies and Instruments for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internationally, in Europe, and in Germany...................................................................55 Werner Niederle 5. Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Policies in China.................................71 Ming Yi and Yue (Ada) Wu 6. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in India........................................................93 Deepak Gupta and P.C. Maithani 7. Renewable Energy Policies in Brazil: Bioenergy, Photovoltaic Generation, and Transportation.......................................................................................109 Ricardo Rüther 8. Energy in Israel: A Case for Renewables........................................................................115 Gershon Grossman 9. Renewable Energy in Australia........................................................................................119 Monica Oliphant 10. Japan’s Post-Fukushima Energy Policy...........................................................................133 Keibun Mori 11. Policies for Distributed Energy Generation..................................................................145 David M. Sweet vii © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC viii Contents 12. Economics Methods............................................................................................................187 Walter Short and Rosalie Ruegg 13. Environmental Impacts and Costs of Energy................................................................219 Ari Rabl and Joseph V. Spadaro Section II Energy Generation through 2025 14. Distributed Generation Technologies through 2025....................................................251 Aníbal T. de Almeida and Pedro Soares Moura 15. Demand-Side Management...............................................................................................289 Clark W. Gellings and Kelly E. Parmenter 16. Fossil Fuels............................................................................................................................311 Anthony F. Armor, Rameshwar D. Srivastava, Howard G. McIlvried, Thomas D. Marshall, and Sean I. Plasynski 17. Nuclear Power Technologies through Year 2035...........................................................339 Kenneth D. Kok and Edwin Harvego 18. Outlook for U.S. Energy Consumption and Prices, 2011–2040..................................375 Andy S. Kydes, Mark J. Eshbaugh, and John J. Conti Section III Energy Infrastructure and Storage 19. Transportation......................................................................................................................409 Terry Penney and Frank Kreith 20. Infrastructure Risk Analysis and Security....................................................................431 Bilal M. Ayyub 21. Electricity Infrastructure Resilience and Security.......................................................483 Massoud Amin 22. Electrical Energy Management in Buildings.................................................................525 Craig B. Smith and Kelly E. Parmenter 23. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems..................................565 Bryan P. Rasmussen, Jan F. Kreider, David E. Claridge, and Charles H. Culp 24. Stirling Engines...................................................................................................................621 Frank Kreith 25. Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Residential and Commercial Sectors...............................................................................629 Karina Garbesi, Brian F. Gerke, Andrea L. Alstone, Barbara Atkinson, Alex J. Valenti, and Vagelis Vossos © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents ix 26. Energy-Efficient Technologies: Major Appliances and Space Conditioning Equipment.............................................................................................................................659 Eric Kleinert, James E. McMahon, Greg Rosenquist, James Lutz, Alex Lekov, Peter Biermayer, and Stephen Meyers 27. Heat Pumps...........................................................................................................................679 Herbert W. Stanford, III 28. Electric Motor Systems Efficiency....................................................................................695 Aníbal T. de Almeida, Steve F. Greenberg, and Prakash Rao 29. Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management..............................................723 Craig B. Smith, Barney L. Capehart, and Wesley M. Rohrer, Jr. 30. Process Energy Efficiency: Pinch Technology...............................................................809 Kirtan K. Trivedi, Ed Fouche, and Kelly E. Parmenter 31. Analysis Methods for Building Energy Auditing........................................................869 Moncef Krarti 32. Cogeneration.........................................................................................................................891 W. Dan Turner 33. Energy Storage Technologies............................................................................................939 Jeffrey P. Chamberlain, Roel Hammerschlag, and Christopher P. Schaber 34. Advanced Concepts in Transmission and Distribution..............................................967 Robert Pratt, Christopher P. Schaber, and Steve Widergren 35. Smart Grid Technology......................................................................................................983 Zhixin Miao Section IV Renewable Technologies 36. Solar Energy Resources......................................................................................................993 D. Yogi Goswami 37. Wind Energy Resource.....................................................................................................1045 Dale E. Berg 38. Municipal Solid Waste.....................................................................................................1085 Shelly H. Schneider 39. Biomass Properties and Resources................................................................................1093 Mark M. Wright and Robert C. Brown 40. Active Solar Heating Systems.........................................................................................1105 T. Agami Reddy © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC