Energy Consumption: Impacts of Human Activity, Current and Future Challenges, Environmental and Socio-Economic Effects PDF
Preview Energy Consumption: Impacts of Human Activity, Current and Future Challenges, Environmental and Socio-Economic Effects
ENERGY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY E C NERGY ONSUMPTION I H A , MPACTS OF UMAN CTIVITY C F C , URRENT AND UTURE HALLENGES E NVIRONMENTAL AND S -E E OCIO CONOMIC FFECTS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. E S , E NERGY CIENCE NGINEERING T AND ECHNOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‟s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‟s website under the e-book tab. ENERGY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY E C NERGY ONSUMPTION I H A , MPACTS OF UMAN CTIVITY C F C , URRENT AND UTURE HALLENGES E NVIRONMENTAL AND S -E E OCIO CONOMIC FFECTS SIGRID REITER EDITOR New York Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Energy consumption : impacts of human activity, current and future challenges, environmental and socio-economic effects / editor, Sigrid Reiter (University of Liege, Architecture and Urban Planning, LEMA, Liege, Belgium). pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:28)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:22) (eBook) 1. Energy consumption--Environmental aspects. 2. Energy conservation. 3. Power resources. I. Reiter, Sigrid, editor of compilation. TD195.E49E526 2014 333.79'13--dc23 2013043484 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Greenhouse Gas Emission Control Options: Assessing Transportation and Electricity Generation Technologies and Policies to Stabilize Climate Change 1 Matthew S. Bomberg, Kara M. Kockelman and Melissa Thompson Chapter 2 Toward a Sustainable Energy Transition in the Built Environment 35 Professor Sigrid Reiter and Anne-Françoise Marique Chapter 3 Energy Performance of Buildings: A Study of the Differences between Assessment Methods 53 Lorenzo Belussi, Ludovico Danza, Italo Meroni, Francesco Salamone, Fabrizio Ragazzi and Michele Mililli Chapter 4 Energy Use in Agriculture: Argentina Compared with other Countries 77 E. F. Viglizzo and F. C. Frank Chapter 5 Energy Consumption Estimation During Oven Cooking of Food 99 Sandro M. Goñi and Viviana O. Salvadori Chapter 6 Is the Next Generation Prepared? Understanding Barriers to Teenage Energy Conservation 117 Nicola Toth, Beth Bell, Katerina Avramides, Kerry Rulton and Linda Little Chapter 7 Impacts of Independent Research and Development, Foreign Technology and Domestic Technology Transfer-Driven Activities on Energy Consumption 141 Olanrewaju Oludolapo Akanni and Jimoh Adul-Ganiyu Adisa Chapter 8 The Progress in Sustainable Energy in Colombia 153 Clara Inés Pardo Martínez Chapter 9 Energy Consumption and Social Inequality: The Problem of Fuel Poverty 167 Karl-Michael Brunner and Sylvia Mandl vi Contents Chapter 10 E4 Impacts of Energy Efficiency in the Building Sector: A Global and Local Perspective 185 C. Oliveira, D. Coelho and P. Pereira da Silva Index 205 PREFACE Energy is central to sustainable development : it has huge environmental, social, and economic impacts amongst which its influence on climate change, poverty reduction efforts, industrial and agricultural productivity and environmental and human health. Developing strategies of a sustainable energy transition is one of the most important worlds‟ challenges of the twenty-first century. The choices that we will make in the coming years about energy will determine what world future generations will inherit. Sustainable energy is the sustainable production and use of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Slowing the growth in energy demand while improving the energy efficiency of services and systems and increasing the share of renewable energies is essential. Improving energy accessibility in developing countries and changing the end-users‟ behaviours and lifestyles towards less energy consumer ones in developed countries while maintaining their high levels of life are also important energy challenges. This will require the active engagement of all sectors of ou societies, including energy production, transportation, buildings, industry and agriculture, as well as all actors involved in energy including the governments, the scientific community, the local communities and the individual consumers. The book Energy Consumption : Impacts of Human Activity, Current and Future Challenges, Environmental and Socio-economic Effects, gives an overview of the key issues, strategies, operational guidelines and policy implications of current research on transition to more sustainable energy consumption. It investigates the important issue of the relations between human activities, energy systems and energy use. It addresses the environmental, social and economic impacts of energy consumption and their interrelationships. Its aim is to guide the reader to more efficient policies and to actions that really will improve the future. Written by academic and research experts in the field of energy, this book develops solutions and opportunities for energy demand reduction, energy efficiency improvement, increase in the share of renewable energy sources, technological progress and behavioural change in the field of energy. The book sets out various alternative pathways that are open to our societies. All those who are interested in the energy challenges will find in this book practical knowledge and operational solutions, providing a solid foundation to help make well-informed choices, as individuals and as societies. The sixth first chapters address strategies towards sustainable energy transition of the main energy-intensive sectors : energy production, transportation, buildings, agriculture, industry and domestic appliances. The first chapter focus on the electricity generation sector and the transportation sector, mainly by studying the influence of combinations of vehicle viii Sigrid Reiter technologies improvements and alternative fuels. It quantifies the absolute abatement potential in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and identifies potential barriers to each. The second chapter investigates parameters influencing energy consumption of the built environment, dealing with the building and the transportation sectors, including location, urban form, density, mix use, mobility patterns, buildings insulation, energy mix and inhabitants‟ behaviours. The third chapter looks at the influencing factors of the energy performances of buildings, especially the role of the end-user, and analyses the differences between some energy assessment methods applied to buildings. The fourth chapter concerns energy use in agriculture showing energy-saving strategies. It discusses also the issues related to land-use change and deforestation. The differences in energy-use intensity and energy-use efficiency of developing and developed countries are highlighted. The fifth chapter studies the energy efficiency of industrial and domestic appliances through the concrete example of energy consumption estimation during food oven cooking. Methods of energy consumption assessment and modeling approaches are discussed. The sixth chapter contributes to the important area of understanding barriers to teenage energy conservation and teenage motivation to adopt changes in energy behaviours, as teenagers are the adults of tomorrow. Improvements in energy efficicency and decreases in GHG emissions need specific policies and operational actions that will involve investments in research and technology transfer. The four last chapters open further the debate on this question and on the socio- economic impacts of energy consumption. Chapter seven analyses the influences of independant research and development and technology transfer on energy consumption. This chapter shows also the role that adequate energy policies can play on these activities. Chapter eight addresses issues related to the regulation framework as well as specificities of the developing countries as far as energy consumption is concerned. It discusses progress in sustainable energy in the Colombian context from the triple point of view of the access to energy and the energy coverage in rural sectors, the improvements in energy efficiency and the development of renewable energies. Chapter nine discusses the relation between energy consumption and social inequality, concentrating more specifically on the issue of fuel poverty. Possible policies for tackling fuel poverty are being presented in this chapter. The last chapter presents a monitoring of the impacts of renovation investments in buildings on Energy, Economy, Environment and Employment systems. This chapter highlights the tade- offs between the investors‟ point of view and the global economic performance of the measures tackled. The main findings presented in this book could have huge positive impacts and lead to a significant reduction in energy consumption, namely if adapted policies and operational strategies are adopted at the right scale. I hope that this book will trigger debate, public awareness, further research, concrete actions and new policies to assist the transition to more sustainable energy futures. Prof. Sigrid REITER, University of Liege, Architecture and Urban Planning, LEMA, Liège (Belgium). E-mail: [email protected]
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