Energy Conservation in Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Facilities

335 Pages·2018·50.633 MB·English

by  Hossam A. Gabbar

ENERGY
CONSERVATION
IN RESIDENTIAL,
COMMERCIAL, AND
INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
IEEEPress
445HoesLane
Piscataway,NJ08854
IEEEPressEditorialBoard
EkramHossain,EditorinChief
GiancarloFortino AndreasMolisch LindaShafer
DavidAlanGrier SaeidNahavandi MohammadShahidehpour
DonaldHeirman RayPerez SarahSpurgeon
XiaoouLi JeffreyReed AhmetMuratTekalp
ENERGY
CONSERVATION
IN RESIDENTIAL,
COMMERCIAL, AND
INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
Edited by
HOSSAM A. GABBAR
Copyright2018byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey.
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform
orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas
permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior
writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfee
totheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],
fax[phone],oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermission
shouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,
Hoboken,NJ07030,[phone],fax[phone],oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/
permission.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbestefforts
inpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor
completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof
merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales
representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbe
suitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthe
publishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,including
butnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontact
ourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStates
at(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint
maynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourweb
siteatwww.wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable.
ISBN:978-1-119-42206-8
Coverdesign:Wiley
Coverimage:WangAnQi/iStockphoto
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
IdedicatethisbooktomywifeNailaGaberforhergreatsupport,
and to my son John Gaber and daughter Sophia Gaber for
inspiring and motivating me to complete the book.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHY xvii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii
PART I ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
1 ENERGYININFRASTRUCTURES 3
HossamA.Gabbar
1.1 InfrastructureSystems / 3
1.1.1 InfrastructureClassifications / 4
1.1.2 InfrastructureSystems / 4
1.2 EnergySystemsinResidentialFacilities / 5
1.3 EnergySystemsinCommercialFacilities / 8
1.4 EnergySystemsinIndustrialFacilities / 8
1.5 EnergySystemsinTransportationInfrastructures / 8
1.6 EnergyProductionandSupplyInfrastructures / 11
1.7 Conclusion / 12
References / 13
vii
viii
TABLEOFCONTENTS
2 BUILDINGENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS(BEMS) 15
KhairySayedandHossamA.Gabbar
2.1 Introduction / 15
2.2 BEMS(BMS)ControlSystemsOverview / 22
2.3 BenefitsofBuildingEnergyManagementSystems / 24
2.4 BMSArchitectures / 26
2.4.1 PlainSupportforEnergyAwareness / 26
2.4.2 IntegrationofActuatorsandEnvironmentalSensors / 27
2.5 EnergySystemsMonitoring / 29
2.5.1 IndirectMonitoring / 29
2.5.2 DirectMonitoring / 30
2.5.3 HybridMonitoring / 30
2.5.4 ComparisonofDifferentEnergyMonitoringSystems / 31
2.5.5 DevicesforEnergySensing / 31
2.5.6 IntegratedControlofActiveandPassiveHeating,Cooling,
Lighting,Shading,andVentilationSystems / 32
2.5.7 ElectricityNetworkArchitectures / 33
2.6 EnergySavingsfromBuildingEnergyManagementSystems / 35
2.6.1 EnergySavingsOpportunities / 36
2.6.2 TheIntelligentBuildingApproach / 43
2.6.3 EnergyMonitoring,Profiling,andModeling / 44
2.7 SmartHomes / 45
2.7.1 EconomicFeasibilityandLikelihoodof
WidespreadAdoption / 47
2.7.2 SmartHomeEnergyManagement / 47
2.7.3 AssetsandControls / 48
2.8 EnergySavinginSmartHome / 51
2.8.1 HeatingandCooling / 51
2.8.2 Lights / 52
2.8.3 AutomaticTimers / 52
2.8.4 MotionSensors / 52
2.8.5 LightDimmer / 52
2.8.6 Energy-EfficientLightBulbs / 52
2.9 ManagingEnergySmartHomesAccordingto
EnergyPrices / 53
2.10 SmartEnergyMonitoringSystemstoHelpinControlling
ElectricityBill / 56
ix
TABLEOFCONTENTS
2.11 AdvancingBuildingEnergyManagementSystemtoEnable
SmartGridInteroperation / 57
2.11.1 SmartGridandCustomerInteroperation / 58
2.11.2 CustomerInteroperationandEnergy
Service / 59
2.12 CommunicationforBEMS / 60
2.12.1 BuildingAutomationSystem / 61
2.12.2 BussesandProtocols / 62
2.13 DataManagementforBuilding / 68
2.13.1 MainFunctionsoftheBuildingManagement
System / 68
2.13.2 PlanningofaBuildingManagementSystem / 69
2.14 PowerManagement / 70
2.14.1 LevelsofthePowerManagementSystem / 72
2.14.2 SwitchingStatusAcquisitionandMeasurementsinthe
PowerDistribution / 72
2.14.3 SwitchgearandCommunications / 73
2.14.4 PowerManagementModule / 79
Abbreviations / 79
References / 80
3 SIMULATION-BASEDENERGYPERFORMANCE
OFLOW-RISEBUILDINGS 85
FarayiMusharavati,ShaligramPokharel,andHossamA.Gabbar
3.1 Introduction / 85
3.2 SimulationofBuildingEnergyPerformance / 87
3.3 CaseStudyI:BuildingEnergySimulationinResidential
Buildings / 89
3.3.1 HEED / 89
3.3.2 CaseStudyDescription / 89
3.4 CaseStudyII:BuildingEnergySimulationinCommercial
Buildings(ShoppingMall) / 96
3.4.1 eQUEST / 97
3.4.2 CaseStudyDescription / 97
3.4.3 MallOccupancy / 98
3.4.4 MallLighting / 98
3.4.5 MallVentilation / 98
3.4.6 MallClimateControl / 99
References / 106
x
TABLEOFCONTENTS
PART II ENERGY SYSTEMS
4 FASTCHARGINGSYSTEMS 111
HossamA.GabbarandAhmedM.Othman
4.1 Introduction / 111
4.2 FastChargingversusOtherChargingApproaches / 112
4.3 FastCharging:TechnologiesandTrends / 114
4.3.1 FlywheelTechnology / 115
4.3.2 AdvantagesofFlywheel / 115
4.3.3 ScalableFlywheelTechnology / 116
4.4 Flywheel-BasedFastChargingSystem / 116
4.4.1 FastChargingStations:DesignCriteria / 116
4.4.2 FastChargingStations:CoveringFactor / 116
4.4.3 MobilityBehavior / 117
4.4.4 MobilityIntegratedStudy / 117
4.5 FFCSDesign / 118
4.5.1 FFCS:MultilevelCircuitDesign / 119
4.5.2 ControlofFlywheelbyHysteresisController / 119
4.6 ProposedSystemDesign / 120
4.7 ROIandBenefitsofFFCS / 121
4.8 Conclusions / 122
FurtherReadings / 122
5 MICROINVERTERSYSTEMSFORENERGY
CONSERVATIONININFRASTRUCTURES 125
HossamA.Gabbar,JasonRunge,andKhairySayed
5.1 Introduction / 125
5.1.1 GlobalPVTrends / 126
5.1.2 SolarPVinCanada / 126
5.1.3 ProblemStatement / 127
5.2 Background / 128
5.2.1 HistoryoftheInverter / 128
5.2.2 InverterClassificationBasedonPowerRating / 129
5.2.3 InverterMarketHistory / 129
5.2.4 InverterOverview / 131
5.2.5 GridSynchronization / 133
5.2.6 KeyPerformanceIndicators / 134