Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2013.

338 Pages·2013·6.577 MB·English

by  OECD

I E A S T A T I S T I C S
Please note that this PDF is subject to
specific restrictions that limit its use and
distribution. The terms and conditions are
available online at http://www.iea.org/
termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/
2013
E D I T I O N
ENERGY BALANCES
OF OECD COUNTRIES
International
Energy Agency
2013
EDITION
ENERGY BALANCES
OF OECD COUNTRIES
This volume contains data on the supply and consumption of coal, oil, gas,
electricity, heat, renewables and waste presented as comprehensive energy
balances expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent. Complete data are
available for 2010 and 2011 and supply estimates are available for the most
recent year (i.e. 2012). Historical tables summarise production, trade and final
consumption data as well as key energy and economic indicators. The book also
includes definitions of products and flows, explanatory notes on the individual
country data and conversion factors from original units to energy units.
More detailed data in original units are published in the 2013 edition of Energy
Statistics of OECD Countries, the sister volume of this publication.
(61 2013 17 1 P1) €120
ISBN 978-92-64-20300-6
-:HSTCQE=WUXUU[:
2013
E D I T I O N
ENERGY BALANCES
OF OECD COUNTRIES
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.
Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member
countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member
countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among
its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.
The Agency’s aims include the following objectives:
n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,
through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection
in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute
to climate change.
n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of
energy data.
n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies
and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy
efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and
dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international
organisations and other stakeholders.
IEA member countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea (Republic of)
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
© OECD/IEA, 2013 Spain
International Energy Agency Sweden
9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey
www.iea.org United Kingdom
United States
Please note that this publication
is subject to specific restrictions
The European Commission
that limit its use and distribution.
The terms and conditions are available online at also participates in
http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ the work of the IEA.
ENERGY BALANCES OF OECD COUNTRIES (2013 edition) - iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... v
OECD ENERGY TRENDS ................................................................................................................... vii
PART I: METHODOLOGY
1. Explanatory notes ............................................... I.3 3. Country notes .................................................... I.15
2. Units and conversions ....................................... I.11 4. Geographical coverage ...................................... I.35
PART II: STATISTICAL DATA
COUNTRY-SPECIFIC NET CALORIFIC VALUES .............................................................................. II.3
ENERGY BALANCE SHEETS AND ENERGY INDICATORS
OECD Total .......................................................... II.14 Israel ..................................................................... II.94
OECD Americas .................................................... II.18 Italy ....................................................................... II.98
OECD Asia Oceania ............................................. II.22 Japan ................................................................... II.102
OECD Europe ....................................................... II.26 Korea .................................................................. II.106
International Energy Agency ................................ II.30 Luxembourg ....................................................... II.110
Australia ................................................................ II.34 Mexico ................................................................ II.114
Austria ................................................................... II.38 Netherlands ......................................................... II.118
Belgium ................................................................. II.42 New Zealand ....................................................... II.122
Canada ................................................................... II.46 Norway ............................................................... II.126
Chile ...................................................................... II.50 Poland ................................................................. II.130
Czech Republic ..................................................... II.54 Portugal............................................................... II.134
Denmark ................................................................ II.58 Slovak Republic .................................................. II.138
Estonia ................................................................... II.62 Slovenia .............................................................. II.142
Finland .................................................................. II.66 Spain ................................................................... II.146
France .................................................................... II.70 Sweden ............................................................... II.150
Germany ................................................................ II.74 Switzerland ......................................................... II.154
Greece ................................................................... II.78 Turkey................................................................. II.158
Hungary ................................................................. II.82 United Kingdom ................................................. II.162
Iceland ................................................................... II.86 United States ....................................................... II.166
Ireland ................................................................... II.90
SUMMARY TABLES
Production ........................................................... II.172 GDP .................................................................... II.217
Net imports .......................................................... II.182 Population ........................................................... II.219
Primary energy supply ........................................ II.187 Energy production/TPES .................................... II.220
Electricity generation .......................................... II.192 TPES/GDP .......................................................... II.221
Final consumption ............................................... II.200 TPES/population ................................................. II.223
Industry consumption .......................................... II.205 Index of industry consumption /
Consumption in transport .................................... II.210 Industrial production ........................................... II.224
Other consumption .............................................. II.213
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND WASTE
2
1
Contribution from renewable energies and energy from waste ................................................................... II.226-264 20
D,
C
E
O
/
A
E
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY © I
2
1
0
2
D,
C
E
O
/
A
E
© I
ENERGY BALANCES OF OECD COUNTRIES (2013 edition) - v
INTRODUCTION
An analysis of energy problems requires a compre- Within the IEA, electricity, coal and renewable data
hensive presentation of basic statistics in original units are the responsibility of Vladimir Kubecek with the
such as tonnes of coal and kilowatt hours of electric- help of Tianlai Xu on electricity, Julian Smith on coal,
ity. This type of presentation is published in Energy and Rachael Hackney on renewables. Oil and natural
Statistics of OECD Countries, the sister volume to this gas data are the responsibility of Mieke Reece with
publication. The usefulness of such basic data can be the help of Mark Mateo on oil, and Ana Luisa
considerably improved by expressing them in a com- São-Marcos on natural gas. Karen Tréanton, with the
mon unit suitable for uses such as estimation of total help of Zakia Adam, has overall production and edito-
energy supply, forecasting and the study of substitu- rial responsibility. Desktop publishing was carried out
tion and conservation. The energy balance is a by Sharon Burghgraeve.
presentation of the basic supply and demand data for
Data from 1960 to 2011 and selected estimates for
all fuels in a manner which shows the main fuels to-
2012 are available on CD-ROM suitable for use on
gether but separately distinguished and expressed in a
Windows-based systems.
common energy unit. Both of these characteristics
will allow the easy comparison of the contribution In addition, a data service is available on the internet.
each fuel makes to the economy and their interrela- It includes unlimited access through an annual
tionships through the conversion of one fuel into subscription as well as the possibility to obtain data on
another.1 a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at
http://www.iea.org.
Energy data on OECD countries are collected from
member countries by the team in the Energy Data
Enquiries about data or methodology should be
Centre (EDC) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Jean-
addressed to:
Yves Garnier. The IEA would like to thank and ac-
knowledge the dedication and professionalism of the Telephone: [phone],
statisticians working on energy data in the countries. E-mail: [email protected].

1. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty 2
1
over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and 20
boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. D,
C
E
O
/
A
E
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY © I
2
1
0
2
D,
C
E
O
/
A
E
© I
ENERGY BALANCES OF OECD COUNTRIES (2013 Edition) - vii
OECD ENERGY TRENDS
Two major developments in the energy situation in electrification rate of almost 100%, a high rate of cars
OECD in 2012 contributed to the 1.3% drop in total per household, large industry and service sectors, high
primary energy supply (TPES) for the region as a heating degree-days and a high GDP per capita.
whole. The first development was the 2.7% drop in
Table 1. OECD in the world, 2011
the United States which was a result of the ongoing
switching from coal to natural gas in power genera- Population GDP* TPES Production
tion. The second development was the continued (millions) (Mtoe) (Mtoe)
decrease in nuclear energy supply. Following the OECD 1 241 38 239 5 305 3 854
tsunami in Japan and the resulting accident at the World** 6 958 52 486 12 746 13 213
Fukushima nuclear power plant, nuclear energy de- OECD 18% 73% 42% 29%
creased by 89% in Japan and by 8% in Germany. share**
* (billion USD, 2005 prices and exchange rates)
As in 2011, the decrease in TPES occurred against a
** preliminary figures
backdrop of economic growth, with GDP increasing
by 2.0% in 2012. Factors contributing to this delink- In contrast, in terms of TPES/GDP, with 0.14 toe per
ing included lower demand for transport fuels as well thousand USD3 (compared to a world average of
as a second unusually mild winter in Europe and approximately 0.24 toe per thousand USD), the
North America which reduced the demand for OECD is the least energy-intensive region. Several
heating. factors also explain the lower consumption: high GDP
compared to other regions, high efficiency in trans-
formation processes (especially power plants), high
The OECD in the world
efficiency in final consumption (efficient cars, insula-
tion of houses) and delocalisation of high energy-
consuming industries.
In 2011, 18% of the world population lived in the
OECD, while 73% of the world GDP was created in In 2012, the OECD produced 3 875 Mtoe of primary
its 34 member countries.2 The TPES of the OECD in energy while its total primary energy supply was
2011 represented about 42% of global energy supply, 5 238 Mtoe. As a consequence, 26% of the energy
while the total energy production of the OECD ac- consumed by the OECD in 2012 (the energy depend-
counted for 29% of the global energy production. ency) was imported from non-OECD countries.
In terms of TPES/population, with 4.3 toe per capita The following paragraphs highlight the main changes
(compared to a world average of 1.8 toe per capita), since 1971 as well as giving a snapshot of the situation
the OECD is the most energy-intensive region. in 2012 for supply and in 2011 for consumption.
Several factors explain this high consumption: e.g. an

2. OECD Europe includes Estonia and Slovenia starting in 1990. Prior
to 1990, data for Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union and data 3. The OECD National Accounts has rebased the GDP and GDP PPP 2
1
for Slovenia in Former Yugoslavia in the publication Energy Balances of series from 2000 USD to 2005 USD. As a result, those series and all 0
2
Non-OECD Countries. associated ratios now refer to 2005 USD. D,
C
E
O
/
A
E
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY © I
viii - ENERGY BALANCES OF OECD COUNTRIES (2013 Edition)
increases, combined with the increase in oil produc-
Production
tion (especially in the Gulf of Mexico, Norway and
the United Kingdom) from 693 to 923 Mtoe, explain
After contracting in 2011, energy production in the the relatively high growth in energy production ob-
OECD in 2012 rose by 0.5% to 3 875 Mtoe, just served in the first half of the 41-year period.
2.5 Mtoe below 2010 levels. The 2010 peak repre-
During the second half of the period (from 1990 to
sented the highest level of energy production since the
2012), the situation was significantly different. Oil
founding of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in
production in the OECD as a whole peaked in 1997,
1974 and was 65% higher than in 1971
and has been decreasing steadily since then. Oil pro-
When analysing changes in the OECD energy situa- duction in the United Kingdom and Norway reached
maximum levels in 1999/2000 whereas Mexico oil
tion, it is interesting to break the 41-year period into
production peaked in 2005 and oil production in
two parts (1971-1990 and 1990-2012), since 1990 is
Canada is still growing in 2012. Coal production in
the reference year for the Kyoto Protocol. The in-
the OECD also decreased (by 11.6?%) during this
crease in production was not uniform over the
period due to the closing of high-cost deep mines in
timeframe, with a much stronger growth in the first
OECD Europe and OECD Asia Oceania. On the other
half of the period (2.0% per year) compared to the
hand, the discovery and exploitation of large natural
second half (0.5% per year). The comparative annual
gas fields in OECD Americas led to a major increase
growth for each of the fuels shows similar trends,
in natural gas production in the OECD, from
i.e. a much higher growth in the first part of the period
718 Mtoe in 1990 to 1 012 Mtoe in 2012. Nuclear
(see Figure 1). The exceptions to this are natural gas,
energy production also rose at a steady rate through
which experienced stronger growth in the second part
2010, going from 451 Mtoe in 1990 to 615 Mtoe in
of the period, and biofuels and waste, which saw simi-
2006 before dropping slightly between 2007 and 2009
lar growth rates for both parts of the period.
and then increasing to 596 Mtoe in 2010. However, in
After the first oil shock in 1973 and the establishment 2011, after the tsunami in Japan and the resulting
of the IEA, a special effort was made by most of the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, nu-
OECD countries to reduce their dependence on im- clear energy decreased by 14.7% over the following
ported oil by various policies, including the two years.
development of alternative sources of energy, and for
As a consequence of the contrasting evolution of the
some of them, by exploiting their oil reserves.
various fuels over the period, the shares of the main
fuels in total production changed significantly be-
Figure 1. Average annual growth rates in
OECD primary energy production tween 1971 and 2012 (see Figure 2).
In 2012, the share of fossil fuels in total OECD pro-
18%
duction accounted for 74.9%; coal/peat, oil and
natural gas represented roughly one quarter of produc-
12% tion each. Nuclear accounted for 13.1%, down from
15.4% in 2010.
6% Figure 2. Fuel shares in OECD production
1971 2012
0%
Coal/ Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Biofuels/ Other
Biofuels
peat waste Biofuels /waste
-6% H3y.2d%ro /3w.a5s%te Other Hydro 6.8% O2.t1h%er
1971-1990 1990-2012 Nuclear 0.2% 3.1%
1.2%
Within 15 years, the launch of large nuclear pro-
Coal/
grammes in several countries and the exploitation of Coal/ peat
new open-sky mines in OECD Americas led to a dra- Gas 3p4.e5a%t N1u3c.1le%ar 24.5%
matic increase of nuclear and coal/peat production. In 28.0%

1971, nuclear represented 27 Mtoe whereas in 1990 it Gas Oil
accounted for 451 Mtoe. Similarly coal went up from Oil 26.1% 24.3% 2
29.4% 01
814 Mtoe in 1971 to 1 073 Mtoe in 1990. These 2
D,
C
E
O
/
A
E
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY © I