Energy Balance in Motion PDF
Preview Energy Balance in Motion
SpringerBriefs in Physiology For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10229 Klaas R. Westerterp Energy Balance in Motion 1 3 Klaas R. Westerterp Department of Human Biology Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands ISSN 2192-9866 ISSN 2192-9874 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-34626-2 ISBN 978-3-642-34627-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-34627-9 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012953017 © The Author(s) 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Man survives in an environment with a variable food supply. Energy balance is maintained by adapting energy intake to changes in energy expenditure and vice versa. Human energetics is introduced using an animal energetics model including growth efficiency, endurance capacity and adaptation to starvation. Animal energet- ics was the starting point for assessment of energy expenditure with respirometry and doubly labelled water and of body composition with densitometry and hydrometry. Examples of endurance performance in athletes and non-athletes illustrate limits in energy expenditure. There is a complicated interaction between physical activity and body weight. Body movement requires energy as produced by muscles. Thus, there is an interaction between physical activity, body weight, body composition and energy expenditure. Overweight is caused by energy intake exceeding energy expenditure. The questions of how energy intake and energy expenditure adapt to each other are dealt with. The evidence presented, originating from fundamental research, is translational to food production and to physical activity-induced energy expenditure in competitive sports. Another obvious and relevant clinical application deals with overweight and obesity, with the increasing risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Finally, activity induced energy expenditure of modern man is put in perspective by compiling changes in activity energy expendi- ture, as derived from total energy expenditure and resting energy expenditure, over time. In addition, levels of activity energy expenditure in modern Western societies are compared with those from third world countries mirroring the physical activ- ity energy expenditure in Western societies in the past. Levels of physical activity expenditure of modern humans are compared with those of wild terrestrial mam- mals as well, taking into account body size and temperature effects. Taken together this book shows how energy balance has been in motion over the past four decades. v About the Author Dr. Klaas R. Westerterp is professor of Human Energetics in the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences at Maastricht University, The Netherlands. His M.Sc in Biology at the University of Groningen resulted in a thesis titled ‘The energy budget of the nesting Starling, a efi ld study’. He received a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scienticfi Research (FUNGO, NWO) for his doctorate research in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Groningen. His Ph.D. thesis was titled ‘How rats economize, energy loss in starva- tion’. Subsequently, he performed a three-year post- doc at Stirling University in Scotland supported by a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and a two-year postdoc at the University of Groningen and the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO, KNAW) with a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scienticfi Research (BION, NWO) in order to work on iflght ener - getics in birds. In 1982, he became senior lecturer and subsequently full professor at Maastricht University in the Department of Human Biology. Here, his efi ld of expertise is energy metabolism, physical activity, food intake and body composition and energy balance under controlled conditions and in daily life. He was editor in chief of the Proceedings of the Nutrition Society and he is currently a member of the Editorial Board of the journal Nutrition and Metabolism (London) and of the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, and editor in chief of the European Journal of Applied Physiology. vii Acknowledgments The content of this book is based on work performed with many students and colleagues as reflected in the references. Paul Schoffelen and Loek Wouters tech- nically supported measurements on energy expenditure with respirometry and doubly labelled water. Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga reviewed the subsequent drafts of the manuscript. Louis Foster edited the final text. ix Contents 1 Introduction, Energy Balance in Animals ....................... 1 2 Energy Balance............................................. 15 3 Limits in Energy Expenditure................................. 37 4 Energy Expenditure, Physical Activity, Body Weight and Body Composition....................................... 47 5 Extremes in Energy Intake ................................... 63 6 Body Weight ............................................... 71 7 Growth, Growth Efficiency and Ageing ......................... 83 8 Modern Man in Line with Wild Mammals ...................... 91 Appendix..................................................... 97 Glossary ..................................................... 101 References.................................................... 105 Index ........................................................ 111 xi Abbreviations ADMR Average daily metabolic rate AEE Activity-induced energy expenditure ATP Adenosine triphosphate BMI Body mass index BMR Basal metabolic rate COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DEE Diet-induced energy expenditure DEXA Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for the measurement of body components like mineral mass EE Energy expenditure EG Energy deposited in the body during growth EI Energy intake FAO Food and agriculture organisation of the United Nations FFM Fat-free body mass FM Fat mass of the body SMR Sleeping metabolic rate TEE Total energy expenditure Tracmor Triaxial accelerometer for movement registration UNU United Nations University WHO World Health Organization xiii Chapter 1 Introduction, Energy Balance in Animals Abstract Man is an omnivore and originally met energy requirements by hunt- ing and gathering. Man evolved in an environment of feast and famine: there were periods with either a positive or negative energy balance. As an introduction to human energetics, this book on energy balance in motion starts with a chapter on animal energetics. How do animals survive and reproduce in an environment with a variable food supply? The examples on animal energetics illustrate how animals grow, reproduce and survive periods of starvation. It is an introduction to method- ology and basic concepts in energetics. Growth efficiency of a wild bird in its nat- ural environment, here the Starling, is similar to a farm animal like the Domestic Fowl. Reproductive capacity is set by foraging capacity, determined by food avail- ability and the capacity parents can produce food to the offspring. Birds feeding nestlings reach an energy ceiling where daily energy expenditure is four times resting energy expenditure. Starvation leads to a decrease in energy expenditure, where the largest saving on energy expenditure can be ascribed to a decrease in activity energy expenditure. Keywords Activity factor • Body temperature • Doubly labelled water method • Energy ceiling • Gross energy intake • Growth efficiency • Metabolizable energy • Starvation The Energy Budget of the Nestling Starling From the late Middle Ages, nestling Starlings were harvested to prepare paté or soup. As such, Starlings were a source of animal protein in a hunter and gatherer system. Passerine birds have short incubation periods (12–14 days) and a nestling period of some weeks, characterized by rapid growth. The conversion ratio of food to energy incorporated in the growing body is high. Here the energy budget of the nestling Starling is presented for the calculation of the growth efficiency of a wild animal in its natural environment. The result is compared with figures for the Domestic Fowl, one of our current sources for animal protein. In the Netherlands, wild Starlings were offered artificial nest sites by mount- ing ‘Starling pots’ against a building (Fig. 1.1). Pots were made from clay with a K. R. Westerterp, Energy Balance in Motion, SpringerBriefs in Physiology, 1 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34627-9_1, © The Author(s) 2013
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