Energy and environmental issues for the practising architect : a guide to help at the initial design stage PDF
Preview Energy and environmental issues for the practising architect : a guide to help at the initial design stage
Energy and environmental issues for the practising architect: a guide to help at the initial design stage Ian C. Ward PublishedbyThomasTelfordPublishing,ThomasTelfordLtd,1HeronQuay,LondonE144JD. www.thomastelford.com DistributorsforThomasTelfordbooksare USA:ASCEPress,1801AlexanderBellDrive,Reston,VA20191-4400,USA Japan:MaruzenCo.Ltd,BookDepartment,3–10Nihonbashi2-chome,Chuo-ku,Tokyo103 Australia:DABooksandJournals,648WhitehorseRoad,Mitcham3132,Victoria Firstpublished2004 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:0727732161 #ThomasTelfordLimited2004 Allrights,includingtranslation,reserved.ExceptaspermittedbytheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopyingorotherwise, withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublishingDirector,ThomasTelfordPublishing, ThomasTelfordLtd,1HeronQuay,LondonE144JD. Thisbookispublishedontheunderstandingthattheauthorissolelyresponsibleforthestatements madeandopinionsexpressedinitandthatitspublicationdoesnotnecessarilyimplythatsuch statementsand/oropinionsareorreflecttheviewsoropinionsofthepublishers.Whileeveryefforthas beenmadetoensurethatthestatementsmadeandtheopinionsexpressedinthispublicationprovide asafeandaccurateguide,noliabilityorresponsibilitycanbeacceptedinthisrespectbytheauthoror publishers. TypesetbyAcademic+Technical,Bristol PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyMPGBooks,Bodmin Contents Introduction 1 Background 1 Section1–Theneedtoconserveenergy 1 Section2–Basicinformationaboutenergyuseinbuildings 1 Section3–Aidsatdesignstagetohelpproduceanenergy efficientbuilding 2 Section4–Howtodealwithenvironmentalfactorsatthe designstage 2 Section5–Somecasestudiesofmainstreambuildings whichareenergyorenvironmentallyefficient 3 Bibliography 3 Section 1 The need to conserve energy 5 Introduction 7 Howdowestart? 11 Occupantcomfort 11 Buildingdesign 15 Mechanicalservicesdesign 17 Environmentalissues 19 Settingthebrief 22 Summary 22 Section 2 Basic information about energy use in buildings 23 Design issues for the development of an energy efficientbuilding 25 (A) Comfortissues 25 iii Contents (B) Fabricissues 26 (C) Servicesissues 26 Introduction 26 (A) Comfortissues 29 Thermalcomfort 29 Factorsaffectingourperceptionofthermalcomfort 31 Designingforthermalcomfortandairquality 35 Visualcomfort 40 Acousticcomfort 43 Airquality 52 (B) Fabricissues 54 Buildingshape/orientationandothersiteconditions 54 Windowdesignfordaylightandthermalperformance 58 Heatlosses 70 CalculationofUvalues 75 Internalheatgains 86 Structuralthermalmass 88 Overheating 101 (C) Servicesissues 105 Naturalventilation 107 Mixedmodeventilation 111 Mechanicalventilationincludingheatrecovery 112 Heatrecoverysystems 114 Airconditioningsystems 118 Artificiallighting 122 Domesticlighting 130 Industrialbuildings 132 Schools 132 Offices 135 Sportscentres 136 Museums,galleriesandlibraries 137 Theatres 138 Hospitals 139 Retailsector 140 Placesofworship 141 Lightingcontrols 142 Refurbishment 142 iv Contents Section 3 Aids at design stage to help produce an energy efficient building 145 Energy 147 Flexibilityofthebrief 147 Siteanalysis 148 Designpointer–solaraccess 149 Designpointer–windshelter 150 Designpointer–windeffects 151 Designpointers–daylight 152 Designpointers–emissions 154 Fabricdesign 154 Designpointers–buildingshape 154 Designpointers–glazingratio 155 Designpointers–overheating 160 Estimatingtheamountofthermalmasstoincludein thebuilding 161 Wherecanthermalmassbeused? 168 Designpointer 172 Provisionofappropriateservicespacewithinthebuilding 173 Designpointers–sizeandlocationofplantrooms 176 Designpointers–positionofairinlets/outletsand condensingunits 179 Designpointers–distributionspace 180 Designpointers 186 Designpointers–distributionsystems 187 Designpointers–distributionsystems 190 Section 4 How to deal with environmental factors at the design stage 191 Environmental sustainability 193 Thesite 196 Waterissues 198 Energyissues 200 Materials 202 Indoorenvironment 205 v Contents Operationofthebuildingandreuseofbothmaterialsand productsofoccupancy 206 Socialandeconomicissues 208 Assessingenvironmentalsustainability.Aselfassessment spiderdiagramapproachtosustainabledesign 209 Designpointers–sustainabilityatinitialdesignstage 215 Designpointers–sustainabilitywhenshapeandservices areconsidered 217 TheBREEAMassessment 217 Designpointer–sustainabilitywhendesignisfinalised 218 Summary 219 Spiderdiagramsforuseduringthedesignprocess 219 Section 5 Some case studies of mainstream buildings which are energy or environmentally efficient 223 Case studies 225 Summary 232 Buildingtype:Highereducation,DearneValleyCollege, Barnsley,UK 234 Designdrivers 236 Buildingtype:Commercialoffices,ECOCentre,Jarrow,UK 237 Designdrivers 242 Buildingtype:Commercialoffices,BT,Coventry,UK 243 Designdrivers 248 Buildingtype:Privatehouse,Wirksworth,Derbyshire,UK 249 Designdrivers 251 Buildingtype:Conceptindustrialanddistributioncentre, MiltonKeynes,UK 252 Designdrivers 254 Buildingtype:NotleyGreenPrimarySchool,Essex,UK 255 Designdrivers 257 Buildingtype:Offices,Chur,Switzerland 258 Designdrivers 261 Buildingtype:Lowenergyandenvironmentallyfriendly housinginSta¨fa,Switzerland 262 Designdrivers 264 Buildingtype:HousingbalanceprojectinUster,Switzerland 265 vi Contents Designdrivers 267 Buildingtype:KindergarteninStuttgart,Germany 268 Designdrivers 270 Buildingtype:LeonardodaVinciSecondarySchool, Calais,France 271 Designdrivers 274 Bibliography 275 Drivingforcesforreducingcarbonemissions 275 Environment 275 Usefulsourcesofhelponenergyandenvironment 276 Websites 277 BuildingRegulationsforEnglandandWales 277 BuildingRegulationsforScotland 278 BuildingRegulationsforNorthernIreland 278 BuildingRegulationsforIreland 278 Lightinganddaylighting:Selecteddesignguidesfromthe BuildingResearchEstablishment 278 Legend 278 Lighting 278 Buildings 279 General 279 Acoustics 281 Index 283 vii Introduction Background Thisbookisintendedtohelptheeverydaydesignerunderstandthe issuesinvolvedinproducingenergyefficientandsustainablebuilding design.Itisintendedtobeusedoneverydaydesignswherethereare likelytoberestrictionseitherrelatedtothedesignparameters themselvesoronthefinancialcommitmentoftheclient. Section 1 — The need to conserve energy Thissectiondealswithwhyitisimportanttoconsiderenergyand sustainabilityindesignwork.Itstartswithanoutlineoftheworkofthe InternationalPanelonClimateChangehighlightingthefactthatthe energyconsumedbybuildingsiscontributingtoglobalwarming. Itconcludeswithanoutlineofthemanyissueswhichareimportant whenconsideringsustainablebuildingdesign. Section 2 — Basic information about energy use in buildings Beforeenergyandsustainabilityissuescanbeappliedtoabuilding designitisnecessarytohaveabroadunderstandingofthevarious issuesatplayandalittleaboutthetechnicalitiesinvolved.This sectiondealswiththefollowing: 1. PointsintheRIBAplanofworkwhenenergyissuesare important 2. Occupantcomfort ^ Metabolicrateofhumans ^ Factorsaffectingheatgains/lossesfromthehumanbody 1 Introduction ^ Airtemperatureeffects ^ Humidityeffects ^ Airmovementaroundthehuman ^ Airquality ^ Lighting ^ Glare ^ Environmentalnoise ^ Internalheatgains 3. Buildingdesignissues ^ Planform ^ Windowdesign ^ Thermalinsulation ^ Uvalues ^ Thermalmass ^ Mechanicalservices ^ Ventilationsystems ^ Heatrecoverysystems ^ Lightingsystems. Section 3 — Aids at design stage to help produce an energy efficient building Thissectioncoversthesimplemethodswhichcanbeusedtohelpto produceanefficientbuildingdesignforenergyefficiencyandspace forthemechanicalservices.Areascoveredare: ^ Siteanalysis ^ Buildingform ^ Thermalinsulation ^ Estimationofthermalmass ^ Plantroomspace ^ Distributionspace. Section 4 — How to deal with environmental factors at the design stage Anoutlineofthevariouselementswhichmustbeconsideredatthe designstageisgiveninasimplifiedwayalongwithamethodof demonstratingtheeffectivenessofadesigninsustainabilityterms. 2 Introduction Section 5 — Some case studies of mainstream buildings which are energy or environmentally efficient Severalcasestudiesarepresentedinsuchawayastoillustratehow energyandsustainabilitycanbeincorporatedintonormal commerciallyaccepteddesign.Theexamplesaretakenfrom buildingsintheUK,Germany,FranceandSwitzerland.Thecase studiesare: ^ DearneValleyCollege,Barnsley,UK ^ CommercialOfficesECOCentre,Jarrow,UK ^ CommercialOfficesforBT,Coventry,UK ^ PrivateHouse,Wirksworth,Derbyshire,UK ^ Conceptindustrialanddistributioncentre,MiltonKeynes,UK ^ NotleyGreenPrimarySchool,Essex,UK ^ Offices,Chur,Switzerland ^ HousinginSta¨fa,Switzerland ^ HousingbalanceprojectinUster,Switzerland ^ KindergarteninStuttgart,Germany ^ LeonardodaVinciSecondarySchool,Calais,France. Bibliography Selectedreferencesandsources. 3
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