Table Of Content

This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:58:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:58:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Energy and Civilization This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:58:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:58:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Energy and Civilization A History Vaclav Smil The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:58:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms © 2017 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any elec- tronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. This book was set in Stone Sans and Stone Serif by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed on recycled paper and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Smil, Vaclav, author. Title: Energy and civilization : a history / Vaclav Smil. Other titles: Energy in world history Description: Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press, [2017] | Revised edition of: Energy in world history / Vaclav Smil. 1994. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016030742 | ISBN 9780262035774 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Power resources--History. | Power resources--Social aspects. | Technology and civilization. | Energy consumption--Social aspects. Classification: LCC TJ163.5 .S623 2017 | DDC 333.7909--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016030742 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:58:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Contents Preface and Acknowledgments ix 1 Energy and Society 1 Flows, Stores, and Controls 4 Concepts and Measures 8 Complexities and Caveats 17 2 Energy in Prehistory 21 Foraging Societies 28 Origins of Agriculture 41 3 Traditional Farming 49 Commonalities and Peculiarities 52 Field Work 53 The Dominance of Grains 57 Cropping Cycles 62 Routes to Intensification 65 Draft Animals 66 Irrigation 76 Fertilization 82 Crop Diversity 85 Persistence and Innovation 87 Ancient Egypt 88 China 90 Mesoamerican Cultures 97 Europe 99 North America 106 This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:59:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms vi Contents The Limits of Traditional Farming 110 Achievements 111 Nutrition 118 Limits 120 4 Preindustrial Prime Movers and Fuels 127 Prime Movers 130 Animate Power 132 Water Power 146 Wind Power 157 Biomass Fuels 163 Wood and Charcoal 164 Crop Residues and Dung 169 Household Needs 171 Food Preparation 172 Heat and Light 174 Transportation and Construction 177 Moving on Land 178 Oared Ships and Sail Ships 187 Buildings and Structures 197 Metallurgy 207 Nonferrous Metals 208 Iron and Steel 211 Warfare 217 Animate Energies 217 Explosives and Guns 222 5 Fossil Fuels, Primary Electricity, and Renewables 225 The Great Transition 228 The Beginnings and Diffusion of Coal Extraction 229 From Charcoal to Coke 234 Steam Engines 235 Oil and Internal Combustion Engines 245 Electricity 254 Technical Innovations 267 Coals 271 Hydrocarbons 274 Electricity 281 Renewable Energies 284 Prime Movers in Transportation 289 This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:59:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Contents vii 6 Fossil-Fueled Civilization 295 Unprecedented Power and Its Uses 296 Energy in Agriculture 306 Industrialization 313 Transportation 324 Information and Communication 333 Economic Growth 344 Consequences and Concerns 351 Urbanization 352 Quality of Life 355 Political Implications 364 Weapons and Wars 368 Environmental Changes 381 7 Energy in World History 385 Grand Patterns of Energy Use 385 Energy Eras and Transitions 387 Long-Term Trends and Falling Costs 397 What Has Not Changed? 407 Between Determinism and Choice 417 Imperatives of Energy Needs and Uses 418 The Importance of Controls 425 The Limits of Energy Explanations 430 Addenda 443 Basic Measures 443 Scientific Units and Their Multiples and Submultiples 445 Chronology of Energy-Related Developments 446 Power in History 456 Bibliographical Notes 459 References 463 Name Index 531 Subject Index 535 This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:59:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:59:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms