Enemy on the Euphrates: The British Occupation of Iraq and the Great Arab Revolt 1914-1921 PDF
Preview Enemy on the Euphrates: The British Occupation of Iraq and the Great Arab Revolt 1914-1921
ENEMY ON THE EUPHRATES ENEMY ON THE EUPHRATES The British Occupation of Iraq and the Great Arab Revolt 1914–1921 Ian Rutledge SAQI Published 2014 by Saqi Books Copyright © Ian Rutledge 2014 ISBN 978 0 86356 762 9 eISBN 978 0 86356 767 4 Ian Rutledge has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Every effort has been made to obtain necessary permission with reference to copyright material. The publishers apologise if inadvertently any sources remain unacknowledged and will be happy to correct this in any future editions. First published 2014 in Great Britain by Saqi Books 26 Westbourne Grove London W2 5RH www.saqibooks.co.uk A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Printed and bound by Bookwell in Finland For Diana, as always. And for my beloved children, Joanna, Daniel, Zoe and Emilie What we want is some kind of modicum of Arab institutions which we can safely leave while pulling the strings ourselves, something which won’t cost very much … but in which our influence and political and economic interests will be secure. Sir Arthur Hirtzel, February 1920 Whereas most westerners have no knowledge of the 1920 uprising, generations of Iraqi schoolchildren have grown up learning how nationalist heroes stood up against foreign armies and imperialism in towns like Falluja, Baquba and Najaf – the Iraqi equivalents of Lexington and Concord. Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History Contents List of Illustrations List of Maps Note on Arabic Transliteration Glossary Abbreviations Preface The Principal Actors PART ONE: INVASION, JIHAD AND OCCUPATION 1 Indications of Oil 2 Lieutenant Wilson’s First Mission 3 ‘Protect the oil refineries’ 4 Arab Mobilisation on the Euphrates 5 The Jihad Defeated 6 Pacifying Arabistan 7 Imperial Objectives in the East 8 The Menace of Jihad and How to Deal with It 9 The Lieutenant from Mosul 10 The Peculiar Origins of an Infamous Agreement 11 Two British Defeats but a New Ally 12 Colonel Leachman and Captain Lawrence 13 Mosul and Oil 14 ‘Complete liberation’ 15 Najaf 1918:First Uprising on the Euphrates 16 Britain’s New Colony 17 The Oil Agreements 18 The Independence Movement in Baghdad 19 General Haldane’s Difficult Posting 20 Trouble on the Frontiers PART TWO: REVOLUTION AND SUPPRESSION 21 The Drift to Violence 22 The Revolution Begins 23 Discord and Disputation 24 General Haldane’s Indian Army 25 ‘The situation has come to a head’ 26 The Destruction of the Manchester Column 27 ‘Further unfavourable developments’ 28 The Structures of Insurgent Power 29 Trouble on the Home Front 30 The Siege of Samawa 31 Defeat 32 A Death on the Baghdad Road 33 The Punishment 34 A ‘friendly native state’ Afterword Appendix: Some Biographical Notes Acknowledgements Notes Bibliography Image Credits Index List of Illustrations Sir Mark Sykes, 1913 Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty, 1912 Lord Kitchener, War Minister 1914–1916 Captain Arnold Wilson, 1916 Colonel Gerard Leachman, c.1912 T. E. Lawrence, 1918 Gertrude Bell, 1921 Ja‘far Abu al-Timman, c.1920 Sheikh ‘Abd al-Wahid al-Sikar, 1918 General Aylmer Haldane, 1921 Indian cavalry on patrol, c.1918 A Rolls Royce armoured car, used in Iraq in the 1920s A DH9A aircraft The gunboat HMS Firefly Sayyid Muhsin Abu Tabikh, c.1924 List of Maps The Ottoman Empire c.1900 Iraq, within Its Postwar Mandate Borders, and Neighbouring Regions of Syria, Turkey and Persia Sykes’s 1915 Proposed Scheme for the ‘Decentralisation’ of the Ottoman Empire’s Eastern Possessions The Division of the Ottoman Empire’s Eastern Possessions According to the Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 The Division of the Ottoman Empire’s Eastern Possessions into the British and French Mandates 1920 The Middle Euphrates Region, Epicentre of the 1920 Revolution The Scene of the Manchester Column Disaster, July 1920: the Camp on the Rustumiyya Canal
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