Endoscopic Surgery in Children PDF
Preview Endoscopic Surgery in Children
Endoscopic Surgery in Children Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo N.M.A. Bax· K.E. Georgeson· A.S. Najmaldin . J-S. Valla (Eds.) Endoscopic Surgery in Children With 182 figures and 13 tables i Springer N.M.A. Bax, MD, PhD Azad S. Najmaldin, MS, FRCS Professor of Pediatric Surgery Senior Consultant Department of Pediatric Surgery Department of Pediatric Surgery University Children's Hospital St. James's University Hospital Utrecht Leeds The Netherlands United Kingdom Keith E. Georgeson, MD Jean-Stephane Valla, MD Professor of Pediatric Surgery and Professor of Pediatric Surgery and Director of the Division of Head of the Department of Pediatric Surgery Pediatric Surgery The Children's Hospital of Alabama Fondation Lenval Birmingham Hopital pour Enfants Alabama Nice USA France ISBN -13: 978-3-642-64161-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Endoscopic surgery in children / N.M.A. Bax ... let al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64161-9 (alk. paper) 1. Endoscopic surgery. 2. Children--Surgery. I. Bax, N. M. A., 1944- [DNLM: 1. Surgical Procedures, Endoscopic--in infancy & childhood. WO 505 Es6 1999] RJsl.Es3Es3 1999 617.9 '8--dc21 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 99-10448 CIP ISBN -13: 978-3-642-64161-9 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-59873-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-59873-9 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current ver- sion, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for pro sec- tuion under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Coverdesign: estudio Calamar, frido steinen-broo Illustrator: Ingrid Janssen, University of Utrecht, Utrecht Production: ProduServ GmbH, Verlagsservice, Berlin Typesetting: MEDIO GmbH, Berlin SPIN: 10554603 24/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper. To all sick children of the world Preface Pediatric surgeons have been involved in thoracoscopy and laparoscopy since at least the end of the 1960'S (Gans and Berci 1971,1973; Klimkovich et al. 1971; Kushch and Timchenko 1969; Rosenberg and Gognat 1971; Zeidler and Vogt- Moykopf 1972). Most of the procedures at that time were diagnostic. In 1973 a laparoscopic therapeutic procedure, the removal of a broken offventriculo-peri- toneal shunt, was published by Gans and Berci (1973) and in 1979 Morgan report- ed laparoscopic-assisted placement and repair of ventriculo-peritoneal shunts (Morgan 1979). The state of the art regarding pediatric endoscopy at the begin- ning of the 1980'S is well described in Pediatric Endoscopy, edited by Gans (1983). Most of the chapters in Gans' book describe diagnostic endoscopy. During the rest of 1980'S it remained quite in the area of pediatric thoracoscopy and lapar- oscopy. In 1990 the first publications regarding laparoscopic clipping of the testicular vessels as the first step of a Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy for intra-abdominal testis appeared (Andze et al. 1990). In 1991 a large multicenter series regarding laparoscopic appendectomy in children was published (Valla et al. 1991). Also in 1991 the first reports of more extended multichannellaparoscopic operations in children (such as cholecystectomy) appeared in the literature (Holcomb et al. 1991; Newman et al. 1991). In contrast, the first reports concerning multichannel laparoscopic cholecystectomy in adults had been published 2 years earlier (Dubois et al.1989; Reddick and Olsen 1989; Perissat et al.1989). While pediatric surgeons traditionally have been more involved in diagnostic thoracoscopy and laparoscopy than their colleagues treating adults, pediatric surgeons have lagged behind in the development of thoracoscopic and laparoscopic therapeu- tic procedures for use in children. This book presents the current state of the art in endoscopic surgery in chil- dren. As this type of surgery in children has been developed by many colleagues from all over the world, many of these experts have been invited to contribute to this book. They have been asked not to write about what can be done, but about what has been done, and whether one should continue along these lines. The book focuses primarily on the surgical endoscopic technique. Some differences in technique may emerge as the various authors present their personal tech- niques. They may also have different views regarding indications. These differ- ences reflect the reality in medicine. VIII Preface Part I deals with general aspects. It begins with a general discussion on the ra- tionale of endoscopic surgery in children. General equipment and basic tech- niques are then described. One chapter is reserved for ergonomics and another for the training in and teaching of endoscopic techniques in children. Also, a chapter on anesthesia is included. Part II discusses thoracoscopic procedures, and Part III laparoscopic procedures. Each is subdivided into a section on diag- nosis and a section on therapy. Unfortunately, complications associated with en- doscopic surgery do occur, and a chapter dealing with this is included in Part III. Part IV focuses on the endoscopic approach of the urogenital tract, and Part V on the endoscopic approach of the vertebral column and of the brain. Part VI discusses the place of endoscopic surgical techniques in pediatric oncology. The book concludes with a view to the future. The editors hope that this book fulfills a need and will help pediatric surgeons to become involved in and to advance with endoscopic surgery. It is the duty of all pediatric surgeons to think about less invasive surgical methods in treating children. The current state of endoscopic surgery is not as advanced as it should be, but at least the first steps have been taken, and they will spur on further progress. This book could not have appeared without the support of many persons and institutions, principal of whom are those at Springer-Verlag. We are also very grateful to our artist, Ingrid Janssen, from the Audiovisual Department, Univer- sity of Utrecht, The Netherlands, for her excellent restyling of the drawings. We are indebted to Karl Storz for the financial support in producing the figures. N.M.A.Bax K.E. Georgeson A.S. Najmaldin J-S. Valla Preface IX References Andze GO et al (1990) La place de la laparoscopie therapeutique dans Ie traitment des test- icules intra-abdominaux chez l'enfant Chir Pediatr 31: 299-302 Dubois F, Berthelot G, Levard H (1989) Cholecystectomie par coelioscopie. Presse Med 18:980-982 Gans L, Berci G (1971) Advances in endoscopy of infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 6: 199-233 Gans L, Berci G (1973) Peritoneoscopy in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 8:399-405 Gans SL (1983) Pediatric endoscopy. Grune and Stratton, New York Holcomb III GW, Olsen DO, Sharp KW (1991) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pediat- ric patient. J Pediatr Surg 26: 1186-1190 Klimkovitch IG et al (1991) Torakoskopiia u detei. Khirurgiia Mosk 47: 19-24 Kushch NL, Timchenko AD (1969) Laparoskopiia u detei. Vestn Khir 102:92-94 Morgan WW (1979) The use of peritoneoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of complica- tions ofventriculoperitoneal shunts in children. J Pediatr Surg 14:18-181 Newman KD et al (1991) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 26: 1184-1185 Perissat J, Collet DR, Belliard R (1989) Gallstones: laparoscopic treatment, intracorporeal lithotripsy by cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy - a personal technique. Endoscopy 21 Suppl1 : 373-374 Reddick EJ, Olsen DO (1989) Laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy. A comparison with mi- nilap cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 3: 131-133 Rosenberg D, Gognat M (1971) La coelioscopie dans l'enfance et l'adolescence. Gynecol Pract 22: 531-539 Valla JS et al. (1991) Appendicectomies chez l'enfant sous coelioscopie operatoire. 465 cas. J Chir Paris 128: 306-312 Zeidler D. Vogt-Moykopf I (1972) Die Endoscopie im Thoraxbereich beim Kind. Med Klin 67: 660-664 Preface Pediatric surgeons have been involved in thoracoscopy and laparoscopy since at least the end of the 1960'S (Gans and Berci 1971,1973; Klimkovich et al. 1971; Kushch and Timchenko 1969; Rosenberg and Gognat 1971; Zeidler and Vogt- Moykopf 1972). Most of the procedures at that time were diagnostic. In 1973 a laparoscopic therapeutic procedure, the removal of a broken offventriculo-peri- toneal shunt, was published by Gans and Berci (1973) and in 1979 Morgan report- ed laparoscopic-assisted placement and repair of ventriculo-peritoneal shunts (Morgan 1979). The state of the art regarding pediatric endoscopy at the begin- ning of the 1980'S is well described in Pediatric Endoscopy, edited by Gans (1983). Most of the chapters in Gans' book describe diagnostic endoscopy. During the rest of 1980'S it remained quite in the area of pediatric thoracoscopy and lapar- oscopy. In 1990 the first publications regarding laparoscopic clipping of the testicular vessels as the first step of a Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy for intra-abdominal testis appeared (Andze et al. 1990). In 1991 a large multicenter series regarding laparoscopic appendectomy in children was published (Valla et al. 1991). Also in 1991 the first reports of more extended multichannellaparoscopic operations in children (such as cholecystectomy) appeared in the literature (Holcomb et al. 1991; Newman et al. 1991). In contrast, the first reports concerning multichannel laparoscopic cholecystectomy in adults had been published 2 years earlier (Dubois et al.1989; Reddick and Olsen 1989; Perissat et al.1989). While pediatric surgeons traditionally have been more involved in diagnostic thoracoscopy and laparoscopy than their colleagues treating adults, pediatric surgeons have lagged behind in the development of thoracoscopic and laparoscopic therapeu- tic procedures for use in children. This book presents the current state of the art in endoscopic surgery in chil- dren. As this type of surgery in children has been developed by many colleagues from all over the world, many of these experts have been invited to contribute to this book. They have been asked not to write about what can be done, but about what has been done, and whether one should continue along these lines. The book focuses primarily on the surgical endoscopic technique. Some differences in technique may emerge as the various authors present their personal tech- niques. They may also have different views regarding indications. These differ- ences reflect the reality in medicine. Contents Part I Basics Why Endoscopic Surgery in Children? N.M.A. Bax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Instrumentation K.B. Georgeson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Basic Technique A.S. Najmaldin, D. Grousseau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Ergonomics of Task Performance in Endoscopic Surgery G.B. Hanna, C. Kimber, A. Cuschieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Training in Paediatric Endoscopic Surgery A.S. Najmaldin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Basic Physiology and Anesthesia M. SJez...................................................... 53 Part II Chest Thoracoscopy in Infants and Children: Basic Technique S.S. Rothenberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Diagnostic Thoracoscopy in Children B.M. Rodgers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Thoracoscopy in the Treatment of Empyema in Children B.M. Rodgers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Therapeutic Thoracoscopic Procedures in Children: Indications and Surgical Applications in Lung and Mediastinum /-L. Michel, Y. Revillon. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 98 Thoracoscopic Repair of Hiatal Hernia in Children S.S. Rothenberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus F. Laborde, T. Folliguet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Vascular Access N.M.A. Bax, D.C. van der Zee................................... 121 Endoscopic Transthoracic Sympathectomy in the Treatment of Primary Palmar Hyperhidrosis in Children G. Lotan, 1. Vinograd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Video-Asssisted Repair of Esophageal Atresia M. Robert, H. Lardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
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