Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period PDF
Preview Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period Edited by Nadia Barghouthi, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Assistant Program Director West Virginia University Endocrinology Fellowship West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia Jessica Perini, MD, MS Associate Professor, Department of Medicine Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Interim Division Chief, Endocrinology Program Director West Virginia University Endocrinology Fellowship West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ἀ is book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal respon- sibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. ἀ e publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not neces- sarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. ἀ e information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. ἀ e reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book. ἀ is book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. ἀ e authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro- duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, micro- filming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for iden- tification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Barghouthi, Nadia, editor. | Perini, Jessica, MD, editor. Title: Endocrine diseases in pregnancy and the postpartum period / edited by Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL; Abingdon, Oxon: CRC Press /Taylor & Francis Group, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “ἀ is book delivers comprehensive explanations of normal hormonal physiology during pregnancy and descriptions of the hormonal pathology associated with various endocrine disease states. Evaluation and management of endocrine disorders including but not limited to diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, and various endocrine tumors are included”—Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021049578 (print) | LCCN 2021049579 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367462178 (paperback) | ISBN 9781032198354 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003027577 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Endocrine System Diseases—complications | Pregnancy Complications—physiopathology | Postpartum Period Classification: LCC RG811 (print) | LCC RG811 (ebook) | NLM WK 140 | DDC 618.7/4—dc23/eng/20211101 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021049578 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021049579 ISBN: 978-1-032-19835-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-46217-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-02757-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003027577 Typeset in Minion by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. Dedication To my heart, Luca, and my love, Brandon. To my father, mother, and sister who always inspire me. Nadia Barghouthi To my children, Alessandro, Rafael, and Natalia who are the lights of my life and to my husband, Ivan, who provides constant love and support. And Kiki. Jessica Perini To all of our family, friends, and colleagues who continue to love, support, and motivate us. Contents Preface x Acknowledgments xi Editors xii Contributors xiii ChAPtEr 1 PhYSIOLOGY OF PrEGNANCY AND LACtAtION 1 1a Normal physiology of pregnancy 2 Rawan El-Amin, Loren Custer, and Jennifer Silk 1b Hormonal physiology of lactation 7 Rawan El-Amin, Loren Custer, and Jennifer Silk ChAPtEr 2 DIABEtES MELLItUS 11 2a Overview of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy 12 Rohma Shamsi, Jessica Perini, and Nadia Barghouthi 2b Gestational diabetes 15 Jeremy Soule 2c Diabetic maternal and fetal complications 24 Rashi Sandooja and Jasmin Lebastchi 2d Diabetic emergencies: Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 29 Sejal Doshi and Harikrashna Bhatt ChAPtEr 3 thYrOID 35 3a Hypothyroidism 36 Nadia Barghouthi and Vladimer Bakhutashvili 3b Hyperthyroidism 41 Jessica Perini 3c Thyroid nodules 50 Jennifer Giordano 3d Thyroid cancer 55 Maria Javaid 3e Thyroid emergencies: Myxedema coma and thyroid storm 64 Dushyanthy Arasaratnam, Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, and Robert Weingold vii viii Contents ChAPtEr 4 ADrENAL 71 4a Adrenal incidental adenomas 72 Jennifer S. Turner 4b Pheochromocytoma 74 Jennifer S. Turner 4c Primary hyperaldosteronism 78 Vivek Alaigh and Amanda Fernandes 4d Cushing’s syndrome 83 Ela Banerjee and Vicky Cheng 4e Adrenocortical carcinoma 89 Dushyanthy Arasaratnam, Nadia Barghouthi, and Vladimer Bakhutashvili 4f Adrenal insufficiency 94 Julia C.W. Lake 4g Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 101 Reshmitha Radhakrishnan and Tharani Rajeswaran 4h Adrenal emergencies: Adrenal crisis 104 Julia C.W. Lake ChAPtEr 5 PItUItArY 109 5a Pituitary incidental adenomas 110 Jessica Perini 5b Acromegaly 114 Maitri Shelly Kalia-Reynolds 5c Growth hormone deficiency 119 Beatriz Francesca Ramirez 5d Hyperprolactinemia 123 Krystel Feghali and Gayatri Jaiswal 5e Nonfunctioning sellar masses 126 Oksana Symczyk 5f Pituitary infiltrative and inflammatory disorders 131 Oksana Symczyk 5g Diabetes insipidus 134 Adnan Haider 5h Hyponatremia in pregnancy 138 Anthony Parravani and Bethany Pellegrino 5i Pituitary emergencies: Sheehan’s syndrome and apoplexy 142 Jessica Perini, Nadia Barghouthi, and Gayatri Jaiswal ChAPtEr 6 CALCIUM AND MEtABOLIC BONE DISOrDErS 147 6a Hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism 148 Shira B. Eytan 6b Osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency 152 Fiona J. Cook Contents ix ChAPtEr 7 SPECIAL CONSIDErAtIONS 159 7a Transgender health in pregnancy and the postpartum period 160 Jessica Perini 7b Endocrine tumors in pregnancy 163 Valerie B. Galvan Turner 7c Polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and obesity in pregnancy 170 Laura Davisson Index 180
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