End-to-End Quality of Service over Cellular Networks: Data Services Performance and Optimization in 2G/3G

315 Pages·2005·13.692 MB·English

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End-to-End
Quality of Service
over Cellular Networks
End-to-EndQualityofServiceoverCellularNetworks:DataServicesPerformanceand
Optimizationin2G/3G.EditedbyGerardoGo´mezandRafaelSa´nchez
Copyright2005JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.ISBN:0-470-01180-7
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End-to-End
Quality of Service
over Cellular Networks
Data Services Performance and
Optimization in 2G/3G
Edited by
G. Gómez and R. Sánchez
Both of
Optimi Corporation
Spain
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Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
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ISBN-13 978-0-470-01180-5 (HB)
ISBN-10 0-470-01180-7 (HB)
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Contents
List of Contributors x
Foreword xii
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Introduction 1
John Cullen, Mattias Wahlqvist and Gerardo Gómez
1.1 Mobile Services in Perspective 1
1.2 Mobile Technology Evolution 3
1.2.1 Reasons for Mobile Technology Evolution 3
1.2.2 Mobile Technology Evolution Paths 4
1.2.3 Harmonization/Evolution Challenges 7
1.2.4 Future Outlook 8
1.3 Motivation for QoS 8
1.3.1 Service Experience 8
1.3.2 Radio Network Performance 10
1.3.3 Network Capacity 10
1.3.4 Network Design 10
1.3.5 Application Design 11
1.3.6 Service-Enhancing Technology 11
1.3.7 Conclusion 12
References 12
2 Cellular Wireless Technologies 13
Petteri Hakalin, Pablo Tapia, Juan Ramiro-Moreno, Raquel Rodríguez,
Ma Carmen Aguayo-Torres and Rafael Sánchez
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 GSM/GPRS/EDGE 14
2.2.1 Description of the GSM System 15
2.2.2 The GSM Transition to Packet-Switched Systems (GPRS) 18
2.2.3 EDGE: The GSM Evolution 21
2.2.4 (E)GPRS Performance 21
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vi Contents
2.3 WCDMA/HSDPA 22
2.3.1 System Architecture and RRM 22
2.3.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Layer 24
2.3.3 Physical Layer and Air Interface 25
2.3.4 The HSDPA Concept 27
2.4 IS-95/CDMA2000-1x, EV-DV, EV-DO 28
2.4.1 CDMA2000-1x vs 3GPP UMTS 30
2.4.2 CDMA2000-1x Reference Architecture and QoS 30
2.4.3 Basic Voice Service with CDMA2000 33
2.4.4 Packet Data Operation with CDMA2000-1x 33
2.4.5 CDMA2000-1x Performance 36
2.4.6 Mobility 38
2.5 WLAN 39
2.5.1 Complementary WLAN Access Technology for
Cellular Networks 40
2.5.2 WLAN-3GPP and WLAN-3GPP2 Architecture 41
2.6 Future Outlook 44
2.6.1 Heterogeneous Networks 44
2.6.2 Physical and MAC Layers Trends 46
References 48
3 Data Services Architecture and Standardization 50
Salvador Hierrezuelo, Alejandro Gil, Juan Guerrero, Raquel Rodríguez,
Juan Torreblanca, Mattias Wahlqvist and Gerardo Gómez
3.1 Introduction 50
3.1.1 Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched Services 50
3.1.2 Services Architectures and Protocols 51
3.1.3 Services Selection 51
3.2 Services Architecture 52
3.2.1 Services and Service Enablers 54
3.2.2 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 55
3.3 Data Protocols Characteristics 56
3.3.1 TCP/IP Networks 57
3.3.2 Impact of Radio Interface on Transport Protocols 67
3.4 SMS/MMS 68
3.4.1 Introduction to SMS 68
3.4.2 SMS Architecture and Signaling 69
3.4.3 SMS Protocol Stack 72
3.4.4 Introduction to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) 73
3.4.5 MMS Architecture and Signaling 73
3.4.6 MMS Protocol Stack 76
3.5 WAP 77
3.5.1 Introduction 77
3.5.2 WAP Architecture 78
3.5.3 Protocol Stack 79
3.5.4 Signaling 83
3.6 Web 85
3.6.1 Introduction 85
3.6.2 Architecture 85
3.6.3 Protocol Stack 86
3.6.4 Signaling 87
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Contents vii
3.7 Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) 88
3.7.1 Introduction 88
3.7.2 PoC Architecture 90
3.7.3 PoC Protocol Stack 93
3.7.4 PoC Signaling 95
3.7.5 PoC Performance Requirements 96
3.8 Network Gaming Services 98
3.8.1 Introduction 98
3.8.2 Network Requirements 99
References 101
4 Quality of Service Mechanisms 103
Raquel Rodríguez, Daniel Fernández, Héctor Montes,
Salvador Hierrezuelo and Gerardo Gómez
4.1 What is Quality of Service? 103
4.1.1 QoS Definition 103
4.1.2 Need for QoS Differentiation 104
4.1.3 QoS Standardization 105
4.1.4 Data Services Classification 106
4.2 IP-Based QoS 107
4.2.1 Motivation of IP QoS Mechanisms 108
4.2.2 QoS Paradigms 109
4.2.3 IP-QoS Management in UMTS Networks 114
4.2.4 Traffic Handling Mechanisms 115
4.3 QoS Architecture in 3GPP and 3GPP2 117
4.3.1 End-to-End QoS Introduction 117
4.3.2 Evolution of QoS in 3GPP Releases 118
4.3.3 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 126
4.3.4 3GPP versus 3GPP2 in QoS 129
4.4 QoS Policy Management 131
4.4.1 Motivation for QoS Policy Management 132
4.4.2 History and Evolution 132
4.4.3 IETF Policy Model 134
4.4.4 Policy Management in Mobile Networks 137
References 137
5 End-to-End Service Performance Analysis 139
Rafael Sánchez, Gerardo Gómez, Pablo Ameigeiras, Jorge Navarro
and Gabriel Ramos
5.1 Introduction 139
5.1.1 End-User Performance Analysis 140
5.2 Service Performance Characterization 142
5.2.1 Characterization of End-User Performance 143
5.3 Data Link Effects 145
5.3.1 Data Link Effects in (E)GPRS 146
5.3.2 Data Link Effects in WCDMA 149
5.4 Transport and Application Layer Effects 156
5.4.1 TCP Performance 156
5.4.2 UDP Performance 170
5.4.3 Application Layer Effects 171
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viii Contents
5.5 Impact of Network Dimensioning in the Service Performance 173
5.5.1 Dimensioning Example for (E)GPRS Services 174
5.5.2 Dimensioning Methodology 182
References 185
6 Service Performance Verification and Benchmarking 186
Rafael Sánchez, Manuel Martínez, Salvador Hierrezuelo, Juan Guerrero
and Juan Torreblanca
6.1 Introduction 186
6.2 Key Performance Indicators 189
6.2.1 Network KPIs 190
6.2.2 Service-Based KPIs 199
6.3 Trial Methodology 201
6.3.1 Trial Phases 203
6.3.2 Main Measurements 210
6.3.3 Tools 212
6.4 Technology Benchmarking 216
6.4.1 Introduction 216
6.4.2 Traffic Generation 217
6.4.3 Test Case Definition for Benchmarking 219
6.4.4 Benchmarking Result Analysis 220
6.4.5 Network Performance with User Multiplexing 230
6.4.6 Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) 235
6.5 Performance Analysis Example 237
6.5.1 Service Differentiation Impact on Capacity and
Performance 238
References 241
7 Customer Experience Management 243
Brian Carroll
7.1 Overview of Customer Experience Management 243
7.1.1 The Challenge 245
7.1.2 The Solution 245
7.1.3 Driving Mobile Revenue 246
7.1.4 Maximizing Operational Efficiency 247
7.1.5 Enhancing Customer Care 247
7.1.6 Measuring and Building Customer Satisfaction 248
7.1.7 Building a Brand Experience 249
7.1.8 Improving Network Quality 249
7.2 CEM and Service Management 249
7.2.1 The Need for Service Management 249
7.2.2 The Service Management Landscape 251
7.2.3 Categorizing KQIs by Customer Experience 256
7.2.4 Architecture Options for Customer-Centric Service
Quality Management (SQM) 260
7.3 Advantages CEM Brings to an Operator 262
7.4 Summary 263
References 263
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Contents ix
8 Service Performance Optimization 264
Gerardo Gómez, Juan Torreblanca and Mattias Wahlqvist
8.1 Introduction 264
8.2 Network-Level Optimization 266
8.3 Transport-Level Optimization 268
8.3.1 Standard TCP Recommendations from IETF 269
8.3.2 Buffer Congestion Management 273
8.3.3 TCP Optimization in an Intermediate Node 275
8.3.4 Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) 277
8.4 Compression Techniques 278
8.4.1 General Fundamentals 278
8.4.2 Content Compression Techniques 279
8.4.3 Wireless Specific Considerations 282
8.5 Performance Enhancing Proxies 284
8.5.1 Transport Layer Features 284
8.5.2 Application Layer Features 285
8.5.3 PEP Integration in Cellular Networks 286
8.5.4 Performance Improvement 287
References 288
Glossary 290
Index 296
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List of Contributors
Ma Carmen Aguayo-Torres
Dpto. Ingeniería de Comunicaciones
Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Pablo Ameigeiras
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Brian Carroll
Aran Technologies, Ireland
John Cullen
O2, U.K.
Daniel Fernández
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Alejandro Gil
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Gerardo Gómez
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Juan Guerrero
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Petteri Hakalin
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Salvador Hierrezuelo
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Fergal Kelly (Foreword)
Vodafone, Spain
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List of Contributors xi
Manuel Martínez
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Héctor Montes
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Jorge Navarro
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Juan Ramiro-Moreno
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Gabriel Ramos
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Raquel Rodríguez
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Rafael Sánchez
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Pablo Tapia
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Juan Torreblanca
Optimi Corporation, Spain
Mattias Wahlqvist
Ericsson España S.A., Spain