Encyclopedia of World History: Volume VI - The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of World History: Volume VI - The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present VOLUME VI ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume I The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e. Volume II The Expanding World 600 c.e. to 1450 Volume III The First Global Age 1450 to 1750 Volume IV Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 Volume V Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 Volume VI The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present Volume VII Primary Documents Master Index ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present VOLUME VI edited by Marsha E. Ackermann Michael J. Schroeder Janice J. Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F. Whitters Encyclopedia of World History Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters. Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E. Ackermann . . . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk. paper) 1. World history—Encyclopedias. I. Ackermann, Marsha E. D21.E5775 2007 903–dc22 2007005158 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Maps by Dale E. Williams and Jeremy Eagle Golson Books, Ltd. President and Editor J. Geoffrey Golson Design Director Mary Jo Scibetta Author Manager Sue Moskowitz Layout Editor Susan Honeywell Indexer J S Editorial Printed in the United States of America VB GB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume VI CONTENTS About the Editors vi Foreword vii Historical Atlas viii List of Articles ix List of Contributors xv Chronology xix Major Themes xxxi Articles A to Z 1–476 Resource Guide 477 Index 481 About the Editors Marsha E. Ackermann received a Ph.D. in American culture from the University of Michigan. She is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Condition- ing and has taught U.S. history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Eastern Michigan University. Michael J. Schroeder received a Ph.D. in history from the University of Michigan and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University. Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history. Janice J. Terry received a Ph.D. from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University. Her latest book is U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest Groups. She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History. Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University. She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History. Mark F. Whitters received a Ph.D. in religion and history from The Catholic University of America and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University. His publications include The Epistle of Sec- ond Baruch: A Study in Form and Message. vi Foreword The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most impor- tant events, themes, and personalities in world history. The encyclopedia covers the entire range of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world history. This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with con- tent that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and school districts. This encyclopedia is one of the first to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly global perspective of the past. Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay that covers five themes common to all periods of world history. They discuss such important issues as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions, and social and class relationships. These major themes allow the reader to follow the development of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place. The encyclopedia was edited by a team of five accomplished historians chosen because they are specialists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as having taught world history in the classroom. They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed entries based on the latest scholarship. Additionally each article is cross-referenced with rel- evant other ones in that volume. A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological reference to major events in the given era. In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geo- graphic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material. Each article also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English. Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a feature that is especially important for students. Each volume also includes its own index, while the seventh volume contains a master index for the set. Marsha E. Ackermann Michael J. Schroeder Janice J. Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F. Whitters Eastern Michigan University vii Historical Atlas List of Maps The Cold War, 1946–1991 M161 China—Border Disputes and the Cultural Revolution, 1948–1983 M162 Indochina War, 1946–1954 M163 The Korean War, 1950–1953 M164 Suez Canal Crisis, 1956 M165 African Independence M166 The U.S. and Latin America, 1954–2000 M167 Israel following the 1967 War M168 Racial Unrest and Segregation in America, 1965–1968 M169 South Africa under Apartheid M170 The Vietnam War M171 Return of the Sinai to Egypt, 1975–1982 M172 Governments of the Middle East and North Africa M173 The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, 1989–1991 M174 Persian Gulf War, 1991 M175 The United Nations and the World M176–177 Asia: Wars, Political Unrest, and Territorial Disputes, 1945–Present M178 International Organizations M179 Major Regional Trading Groups M180 The Kyoto Protocol and CO Emissions M181 2 Yugoslavia, 1945–2006 M182 Oil Supply and Demand M183 Transportation and Infrastructure in the Modern World M184 Natural and Man-Made Environmental Disasters M185 Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007 M186 Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia, 1947–2000 M187 Religion in the Modern World M188 Major Terrorist Attacks since 1979 M189 The Spread of Democracy and Women’s Suffrage M190–191 Air Campaign in Kosovo, March 25–June 20, 1999 M192 viii List of Articles A art and architecture Afghanistan Asian Development Bank African National Congress (ANC) Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) African Union Assad, Hafez al- AIDS crisis Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Akihito Aswa¯n Dam Algerian revolution Aung San Suu Kyi Allende, Salvador Awami League Alliance for Progress Ayub Khan, Muhammad American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) B American Indian Movement (AIM) Ba’ath Party Angola, Republic of baby boom, U.S. ANZUS Treaty Baghdad Pact/CENTO appropriate technology Balkans (1991–present) Arab-Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations Baltic States (1991–present) Arab-Israeli War (1956) Banda, Hastings Arab-Israeli War (1967) Bandung Conference (Asian-African Conference) Arab-Israeli War (1973) Bangladesh, People’s Republic of Arab-Israeli War (1982) Bay of Pigs Arafat, Yasir Beat movement Arévalo, Juan José Berlin blockade/airlift Argentina, Madres de Plaza de Mayo Betancourt, Rómulo Aristide, Jean-Bertrand Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Armenia and Azerbaijan Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) arms race/atomic weapons Bhutto, Benazir ix x List of Articles Bhutto, Zulfikar Dutch New Guinea/West Irian Biafran War (1967–1970) Duvalier dictatorship (Haiti, 1957–1986) biblical inerrancy Black Power movement E Bolivian revolution (1952–1964) Eastern bloc, collapse of the Bosch, Juan East Timor Bourguiba, Habib Ebadi, Shirin Bracero Program (1942–1964) Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) Brazil, military dictatorship in (1964–1985) ecumenical movement Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich Egyptian revolution (1952) Brown v. Board of Education El Salvador, revolution and civil war in (1970s– Bush, George H.W. 1990s) Bush, George W. environmental disasters (anthropogenic) environmental problems C Equal Rights Amendment Canada after 1950 Eritrea Caribbean Basin Initiative Ethiopia, Federal Democratic Republic of Carter, Jimmy European Economic Community/Common Market Castro, Fidel European Union Central Asia after 1991 Chávez, Hugo F Chiang Ching-kuo Falklands War (1982) “Chicago Boys” (Chilean economists, 1973–1980s) Falun Gong China, human rights and dissidents in Fanon, Frantz China, People’s Republic of feminism, worldwide Chinese-Vietnamese conflict Fonseca Amador, Carlos Civil Rights movement, U.S. Ford, Gerald Clinton, Bill (1946– ) and Hillary Rodham Free Speech Movement (1947– ) FRELIMO cold war Colombia, La Violencia in (1946–1966) G Comecon Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer Commonwealth of Nations Gandhi, Indira contra war (Nicaragua, 1980s) Gandhi, Rajiv, and Sonia S. counterculture in the United States and Europe Gang of Four and Jiang Qing (Chiang Ch’ing) Cuban migration to the United States Gaulle, Charles de Cuban missile crisis (October 1962) gay liberation movements Cuban revolution (1959– ) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Cyprus, independence of Germany (post–World War II) Cyprus, Turkish invasion of Ghana globalization D Gorbachev, Mikhail Dalai Lama, 14th (Tenzin Gyatso) Graham, Billy Darfur Great Leap Forward in China (1958–1961) Day, Dorothy Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China Democratic Progressive Party and Chen Shui-bian (1966–1976) (Chen Shui-pien) Great Society (U.S.) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaïre) Greek Junta Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p’ing) Green Revolution disarmament, nuclear Grenada, U.S. invasion of (1983) drug wars, international Guatemala, civil war in (1960–1996)
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