Encyclopedia of World History: Volume V - Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of World History: Volume V - Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 VOLUME V ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume I The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e. Volume II The Expanding World 600 c.e. to 1450 Volume III The First Global Age 1450 to 1750 Volume IV Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 Volume V Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 Volume VI The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present Volume VII Primary Documents Master Index ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 VOLUME V edited by Marsha E. Ackermann Michael J. Schroeder Janice J. Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F. Whitters Encyclopedia of World History Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E. Ackermann . . . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk. paper) 1. World history—Encyclopedias. I. Ackermann, Marsha E. D21.E5775 2007 903—dc22 2007005158 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Maps by Dale E. Williams and Jeremy Eagle Golson Books, Ltd. President and Editor J. Geoffrey Golson Design Director Mary Jo Scibetta Author Manager Sue Moskowitz Layout Editor Susan Honeywell Indexer J S Editorial Printed in the United States of America VB GB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume V CONTENTS About the Editors vi Foreword vii Historical Atlas viii List of Articles ix List of Contributors xv Chronology xix Major Themes xxxi Articles A to Z 1–442 Resource Guide 443 Index 447 About the Editors Marsha E. Ackermann received a Ph.D. in American culture from the University of Michigan. She is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Condition- ing and has taught U.S. history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Eastern Michigan University. Michael J. Schroeder received a Ph.D. in history from the University of Michigan and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University. Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history. Janice J. Terry received a Ph.D. from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University. Her latest book is U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest Groups. She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History. Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University. She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History. Mark F. Whitters received a Ph.D. in religion and history from The Catholic University of America and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University. His publications include The Epistle of Sec- ond Baruch: A Study in Form and Message. vi Foreword The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most impor- tant events, themes, and personalities in world history. The encyclopedia covers the entire range of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world history. This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with con- tent that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and school districts. This encyclopedia is one of the fi rst to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly global perspective of the past. Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay that covers fi ve themes common to all periods of world history. They discuss such important issues as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions, and social and class relationships. These major themes allow the reader to follow the development of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place. The encyclopedia was edited by a team of fi ve accomplished historians chosen because they are specialists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as having taught world history in the classroom. They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed entries based on the latest scholarship. Additionally, each article is cross-referenced with relevant other ones in that volume. A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological ref- erence to major events in the given era. In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geo- graphic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material. Each article also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English. Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a feature that is especially important for students. Each volume also includes its own index, while the seventh volume contains a master index for the set. Marsha E. Ackermann Michael J. Schroeder Janice J. Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F. Whitters Eastern Michigan University vii Historical Atlas List of Maps European Overseas Empires, 1900 M129 The British in South Asia, c.1900 M130 The U.S. and Latin America, 1900–1935 M131 Partition of China, 1895–1914 M132 Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 M133 The Canadian Confederation, 1905 M134 Growth of Russia, 1904–1955 M135 Urbanization of Europe, 1910 M136 The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913 M137 Colonialism in Africa, 1914 M138 Foreign Possessions in Asia, 1914 M139 Europe before World War I, 1914 M140 Europe at War, 1914–1918 M141 Russian Revolution and Civil War M142 Middle East after World War I, c.1920 M143 Europe after World War I, 1919 M144 Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Following World War I M145 Colonialism in Africa, 1924 M146 British Empire, 1930 M147 America during the Great Depression M148 Communists in China, 1934–1949 M149 Growth of the Japanese Empire, 1931–41 M150 Expansion of Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 M151 Fascist Europe, 1942 M152 Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 M153 World War II in Europe and the Middle East, 1939–1945 M154 World War II—Pacifi c Theater, 1941–1945 M155 The Holocaust in Europe M156 Partition of India, 1947–1949 M157 Palestine and Israel after 1948–1949 War M158 Post–World War II Occupation Zones of Germany M159 Europe after World War II, 1949 M160 viii List of Articles A B Addams, Jane Balfour Declaration Afrikaners, South Africa Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Aga Khan Bao Dai Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio Batista, Fulgencio Alessandri, Arturo Batlle, José Algeria Ben-Gurion, David alliance system Black Dragon and Japanese ultranationalist societies All-India Muslim League Boer War Ambedkar, Bhim Rao Bonhoeffer, Dietrich Amin, Qasim Bonus Army Amritsar massacre Bose, Subhas Chandra analytic philosophy Boxer Rebellion anarchist movements in Europe and Brandeis, Louis D. America British mandate in Palestine Anglo-Japanese treaty Bryan, William Jennings anti-Communist encirclement campaigns in China (1930–1934) appeasement era C Arab-Israeli War (1948) Cairo Conference (1921) Arab nationalism Cairo Conference (1943) Armenians in the Ottoman Empire Calles, Plutarco art and architecture (1900–1950) Cárdenas, Lázaro Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Carranza, Venustiano Aung San Casely Hayford, Joseph Ephraim Australia and New Zealand Chennault, Claire Lee ix x List of Articles Chiang Kai-shek Geneva Conventions Chinese Civil War (1946–1949) Giichi, Tanaka Chinese Communist Party (1921–1949) Gold Coast (Ghana) Churchill, Winston Goldman, Emma Clemenceau, Georges Gómez, Juan Vicente Comintern Gompers, Samuel Communist Party, U.S. Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) Communist Party of Indochina Great Depression, worldwide Cristero revolt Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Cunha, Euclides da great migrations (1900–1950) D H D-day Haganah Debs, Eugene V. Haitian massacre (1937) Diagne, Blaise Harlem Renaissance dollar diplomacy Hashemite dynasty in Iraq DuBois, W. E. B. Hashemite monarchy in Jordan (1914–1953) dust bowl Hatta, Muhammad Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl Hirohito E Hiroshima and Nagasaki Edison, Thomas Hitler, Adolf Egyptian revolution (1919) Holocaust, the Einstein, Albert Hoover, Herbert El Alamein House Committee on Un-American Activities El Salvador/La Matanza (HUAC) Ellis Island Hu Hanmin (Hu Han-Min) environmentalism/conserving nature Hu Shi (Hu Shih) Espionage and Sedition Acts Huerta, Victoriano Estrada Cabrera, Manuel Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Italian aggression I eugenics Ibn Saud, Abd al-Aziz existentialism India Act (1935) expatriates, U.S. India Act, Government of (1919) India Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto F Reforms) fascism Indian National Congress (1885–1947) Federal Reserve banking system, U.S. Indian Reorganization Act, U.S. Flint sit-down strike (1936–1937) Industrial Workers of the World Flores Magón, Ricardo infl uenza pandemic (1918) Ford, Henry International Court of Justice (ICJ) Franco, Francisco Iran-Soviet relations French mandate in Syria and Lebanon Iraqi rebellion (1920) French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française) Irish independence Freud, Sigmund isolationism, U.S. Freyre, Gilberto J G Japan, U.S. occupation of Galveston fl ood Japanese constitution (1947) Gandhi, Mohandas K. Japanese internment Garvey, Marcus Jinnah, Mohammad Ali
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