Encyclopedia of World History: Volume I - The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 CE PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of World History: Volume I - The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 CE
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e. VOLUME I ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume I The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e. Volume II The Expanding World 600 c.e. to 1450 Volume III The First Global Age 1450 to 1750 Volume IV Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 Volume V Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 Volume VI The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present Volume VII Primary Documents Master Index ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e. VOLUME I edited by Marsha E. Ackermann Michael J. Schroeder Janice J. Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F. Whitters Encyclopedia of World History Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E. Ackermann . . . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk. paper) 1. World history—Encyclopedias. I. Ackermann, Marsha E. D21.E5775 2007 903—dc22 2007005158 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Maps by Dale E. Williams and Jeremy Eagle Golson Books, Ltd. President and Editor J. Geoffrey Golson Design Director Mary Jo Scibetta Author Manager Sue Moskowitz Layout Editor Kenneth W. Heller Indexer J S Editorial Printed in the United States of America VB GB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume I CONTENTS About the Editors vi Foreword vii Historical Atlas viii List of Articles ix List of Contributors xiii Chronology xvii Major Themes xxix Articles A to Z 1 Resource Guide 509 Index 513 About the Editors Marsha E. Ackermann received a Ph.D. in American culture from the University of Michigan. She is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Conditioning and has taught U.S. history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State Uni- versity, and Eastern Michigan University. Michael J. Schroeder received a Ph.D. in history from the University of Michigan and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University. Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history. Janice J. Terry received a Ph.D. from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University. Her latest book is U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest Groups. She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History. Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University. She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History. Mark F. Whitters received a Ph.D. in religion and history from the Catholic University of America and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University. His publications include The Epistle of Sec- ond Baruch: A Study in Form and Message. vi Foreword The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most impor- tant events, themes, and personalities in world history. The encyclopedia covers the entire range of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world history. This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with con- tent that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and school districts. This encyclopedia is one of the fi rst to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly global perspective of the past. Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay that covers fi ve themes common to all periods of world history. They discuss such important issues as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions, and social and class relationships. These major themes allow the reader to follow the development of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place. The encyclopedia was edited by a team of fi ve accomplished historians chosen for being special- ists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as for having taught world history in the classroom. They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed entries based on the latest scholarship. Additionally, each article is cross-referenced with relevant other ones in that volume. A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological ref- erence to major events in the given era. In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geo- graphic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material. Each article also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English. Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a feature that is especially important for students. Each volume also includes its own index, while the seventh volume contains a master index for the set. Marsha E. Ackermann Michael J. Schroeder Janice J. Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F. Whitters Eastern Michigan University vii Historical Atlas List of Maps The World: From Prehistory to 10,000 b.c.e. M1 The Beginning of Agriculture, 9000–500 b.c.e. M2 Civilizations in Europe and Asia, 3500–1500 b.c.e. M3 Ancient Mesopotamia, 3000–2000 b.c.e. M4 Ancient Egypt, 2795–1640 b.c.e. M5 Babylonian Empire, c. 1750–c. 1595 b.c.e. M6 Egyptian Asiatic Empire under Tuthmosis III, 1450 b.c.e. M7 Trade Routes of the Mycenaeans and Minoans M8 Ancient Palestine, 925–722 b.c.e. M9 Asian Empires, 600 b.c.e. M10 Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, 950–539 b.c.e. M11 The Persian Empire M12 Greek and Phoenician Routes, c. 500 b.c.e. M13 Persian Wars, 492–479 b.c.e. M14 Greece during the Peloponnesian War, 431–404 b.c.e. M15 Macedonia under Philip II, 359–336 b.c.e. M16 The Empire of Alexander the Great, 334–323 b.c.e. M17 Hellenistic World, c. 300 b.c.e. M18 The Punic Wars, 264–200 b.c.e. M19 Roman Expansion, 240 b.c.e.–30 c.e. M20 The Mauryan Empire, 325–260 b.c.e. M21 Palestine at the Time of Christ M22 China during the Han Dynasty, 202 b.c.e.–250 c.e. M23 Trade Routes of the First Century c.e. M24 Farthest Extent of the Roman Empire, under Emperor Hadrian, 117–138 c.e. M25 Crisis of the Third Century, 250–271 c.e. M26 The Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, c. 300 c.e. M27 Parthia and the Sassanid Empire, 114–628 c.e. M28 The Rise of Constantine, 306–324 c.e. M29 Barbarian Invasions and Settlements M30 Byzantine Empire under Justinian, 527–567 c.e. M31 Major Religions in the Eastern Hemisphere, c. 600 c.e. M32 viii List of Articles A Aristotle Book of the Dead Adrianople, Battle of (378 c.e.) Ark of the Covenant Boudicca Aeneid Armenia Brendan the Navigator Aeschylus Artaxerxes Buddhism in China Aesop Aryan invasion Buddhist councils African city-states Ashoka Byblos African religious traditions Assyria Byzantine-Persian wars Ahab and Jezebel Athanasius Akhenaten and Nefertiti Athenian predemocracy C Akkad Augustine of Hippo Caesar, Augustus Alcibiades Aurelius, Marcus Caesar, Julius Alexander the Great Axial Age and cyclical Cambyses II Alexandria theories Cappadocians Alexandrian literature Caracalla, Edict of (212 c.e.) Ambrose B Carthage Andes: Neolithic Babylon, early period caste Antonine emperors Babylon, later periods Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Younger) Anyang Bactria cave paintings apocalypticism, Jewish and Bamiyan Valley Celts Christian Ban Biao (Pan Piao) Ceylon Apostles, Twelve Baruch Chandragupta II Arabia, pre-Islamic Basil the Great Chang’an Aramaeans Benedict choregic poetry Archaic Greece Bhagavad Gita Choson Arianism Bible translations Christian Dualism (Gnosticism) Aristophanes Boethius Christianity, early ix x List of Articles Chrysostom, John Eusebius Hittites Cicero Ezana Homeric epics classical art and architecture, Greek Hundred Schools of Philosophy Classical Period, Greek F Huns Cleisthenes Fa Xian (Fa-hsien) Hurrians Clement of Alexandria Fertile Crescent Hyksos Code of Justinian First Americans Confucian Classics Flavian emperors I Confucianism as a state ideology food gatherers and producers, imperial cult, Roman Confucius prehistory Indo-Europeans Constantine the Great Indus civilization Constantinople G Israel and Judah Coptic Christian Church Gandhara cuneiform Ganjin J Cyclades Gaul Jainism Cyril of Alexandria Gautama Buddha Jerome Cyrus II Georgia, ancient Jesus (Christ) of Nazareth Gilgamesh Jewish revolts D Gracchi Job and theodicy Damascus and Aleppo Great Wall of China John the Baptist Daoism (Taoism) Greek Church Jomon culture Darius I Greek city-states Josephus, Flavius David Greek colonization Josiah Delphic oracle Greek drama Judah ha-Nasi Demosthenes Greek mythology and pantheon Judaism, early (heterodoxies) Desert Fathers and Mothers Greek oratory and rhetoric Judges Deuteronomy Gregory the Great Julian the Apostate Dharma Sutras Guangwu (Kuang-wu) Julio-Claudian emperors Diadochi Gupta Empire Justinian I Diocletian gymnasium and athletics Dravidians K Druids and Picts H Kama Sutra Duke of Zhou (Chou) Hadrian Kanishka Dunhuang (Tun-huang) Hagia Sophia Kautilya Han dynasty Khosrow I E Hannibal Kija Ebla Han Wudi (Han Wu-ti) Kingdom of God Edessa Helena King’s Highway and Way of the Sea Egeria Helen of Troy Kush Egypt, culture and religion Hellenistic art Kushan Empire Elam Hellenization Eleusis heresies L Ephesus and Chalcedon, Councils of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Laozi (Lao Tzu) and Zhuangzi Ephrem Xenophon (Chuang Tzu) Epicureanism Herods late barbarians Era of Division (China) Hesiod Latin Church Essenes Hezekiah Legalism Esther, book of hieroglyphics legionaries Ethiopia, ancient Hindu philosophy Leonidas Etruscans Hippocrates, Galen, and the Leo the Great Euripides Greek physicians libraries, ancient
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