Table Of Content

Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History 1 VOLUME William H. McNeill Senior Editor Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian, David Levinson, J. R. McNeill, Heidi Roupp, Judith P. Zinsser Editors a berkshire reference work Great Barrington, Massachusetts U.S.A. www.berkshireworldhistory.com Copyright © 2005 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design: Lisa Clark,LKC Design For information: Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 314 Main Street Great Barrington,Massachusetts 01230 www.berkshirepublishing.com Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berkshire encyclopedia of world history / William H.McNeill,senior editor ; Jerry H.Bentley ... [et al.] editorial board. p.cm. Summary: “A comprehensive encyclopedia of world history with 538 articles that trace the develop- ment of human history with a focus on area studies,global history,anthropology,geography,science, arts,literature,economics,women’s studies,African-American studies,and cultural studies related to all regions of the world”—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-9743091-0-9 (alk.paper : v.1) 1.World history—Encyclopedias. I.McNeill,William Hardy,1917– II.Bentley,Jerry H.,1949– III.Christian,David,1946– D23.B45 2004 903—dc22 2004021830 Editorial & Production Staff Project Director Designers Karen Christensen Lisa Clark and Jeff Potter Editorial and Production Staff Printers Karen Advokaat,Rachel Christensen, Thomson-Shore,Inc. Tom Christensen,Emily Colangelo,Sarah Conrick, Benjamin Kerschberg,Junhee (June) Kim, Map Maker Jess LaPointe,David Levinson,Courtney Linehan, XNR Productions Janet Lowry,Marcy Ross,Gabby Templet Composition Artists Photo Researcher Steve Tiano,Brad Walrod,and Linda Weidemann Gabby Templet Production Coordinators Copyeditors Benjamin Kerschberg and Marcy Ross Francesca Forrest,Mike Nichols,Carol Parikh, Mark Siemens,Daniel Spinella,and Rosalie Wieder Proofreaders Mary Bagg,Sue Boshers,Robin Gold,Libby Larson, Information Management and Programming Amina Sharma,and Barbara Spector Deborah Dillon and Trevor Young Indexers Peggy Holloway and Barbara Lutkins Contents List of Entries,ix Categories, xv Reader’s Guide,xvii Maps, xxvii Contributors,xxix Preface,xli A Long March:Creating the Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History,xlv Acknowledgments,xlix Editorial Board,li About William H.McNeill, Senior Editor,liii About the Editors,lv Photo and Quotation Credits, lvii Berkshire World History Library, lix World History—About the Design, lxi How to Spell It and How to Say It: 100 Important People, Places, and Terms in World History,lxiii This Fleeting World:An Overview of Human History, TFW–1 CHAPTER ONE: Foraging Era,TFW–2 CHAPTER TWO: Agrarian Era,TFW–15 CHAPTER THREE: Modern Era,TFW–36 Entries VOLUME I: Abraham—Coal 1 VOLUME II: Cold War—Global Imperialism and Gender 376 vii viii berkshire encyclopedia of world history Entries VOLUME III: Global Migrations in Modern Times—Mysticism 844 VOLUME IV: Napoleon—Sun Yat-sen 1327 VOLUME V: Tang Taizong—Zoroastrianism 1802 This Fleeting World:An Overview of Human History, TFW–1 CHAPTER ONE: Foraging Era,TFW–2 CHAPTER TWO: Agrarian Era,TFW–15 CHAPTER THREE: Modern Era,TFW–36 Index,2123 Entries This Fleeting World, Anthropology Babi and Baha’i by David Christian Anthroposphere Babylon Agrarian Era Apartheid in South Africa Balance of Power Foraging (Paleolithic) Era Arab Caliphates Bands,Tribes,Chiefdoms, Modern Era Arab League and States Archaeology Barter Abraham Architecture Benin Absolutism,European Aristotle Berlin Conference Adolescence Art—Africa Biological Exchanges Africa Art—Ancient Greece and Rome Bolívar,Simón Africa,Colonial Art—Central Asia British East India Company Africa,Postcolonial Art—East Asia British Empire African Religions Art—Europe Buddhism African Union Art—Native North America Bullroarers African-American and Art—Overview Byzantine Empire Caribbean Religions Art—Russia Afro-Eurasia Art—South Asia Caesar,Augustus Age Stratification Art—Southeast Asia Caesar,Julius Agricultural Societies Art—West Asia Capitalism AIDS Art,Paleolithic Caravan Airplane Asia Carrying Capacity Akbar Asian Migrations Cartography Aksum Asoka Catherine the Great Alchemy Association of Southeast Catholicism,Roman Alcohol Asian Nations Celts Alexander the Great Assyrian Empire Cereals al-Khwarizmi Augustine,St. Charlemagne al-Razi Aurangzeb Charles V American Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire Child,Lydia Andean States Automobile Childhood Animism Aztec Empire China ix x berkshire encyclopedia of world history Chinese Popular Religion Decolonization Ethnic Nationalism Churchill,Winston Deforestation Ethnicity Cinchona Delhi Sultanate Ethnocentrism Citizenship Democracy,Constitutional Eurocentrism Civil Disobedience Descartes,René Europe Civil Law Desertification European Union Civilization,Barbarism,Savagery Détente Expansion,European Climate Change Diasporas Expeditions,Scientific Coal Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Exploration,Chinese Coffee Diplomacy Exploration,Space Cold War Disease and Nutrition Extinctions Colonialism Diseases—Overview Columbian Exchange Diseases,Animal Famine Columbus,Christopher Diseases,Plant Fascism Comintern Displaced Populations, Festivals Communication—Overview Typology of Feudalism Communism and Socialism Dress Fire Comparative Borders and Drugs Firearms Frontiers Du Bois,W.E.B. First,Second,Third,Fourth Comparative Ethnology Dutch East India Company Worlds Comparative History Dutch Empire Food Computer Foraging Societies,Contemporary Confucianism Early Modern World Forms of Government—Overview Confucius Earthquakes Freedom Congress of Vienna Eastern Europe French Empire Constantine the Great Economic Growth,Extensive and Frontiers Consumerism Intensive Fur Trade Containment Ecumenicism Contraception and Birth Control Education Galileo Galilei Contract Law Egypt—State Formation Gama,Vasco da Creation Myths Egypt,Ancient Games Crusades,The Einstein,Albert Gandhi,Mohandas Cultural and Geographic Areas Electricity Gay and Lesbian Rights Cultural Ecology Elizabeth I Movement Culture Empire General Agreement on Tariffs Cyrus the Great Energy and Trade Engines of History Genetics Dance and Drill Enlightenment,The Genghis Khan Daoism Equatorial and Southern Africa, Genocide Darwin,Charles 4000 BCE–1100 CE Geographic Constructions Dating Methods Erosion German Empire Decipherment of Ancient Scripts Esperanto Glass list of entries xi Global Commons Inca Empire Language,Standardization of Global Imperialism and Gender Indigenous Peoples Laozi Global Migration in Modern Indigenous Peoples Movements Latter-day Saints Times Indo-European Migration League of Nations Globalization Industrial Technologies Leisure Gold and Silver Information Societies Lenin,Vladimir Grand Tour Initiation and Rites of Passage Leonardo da Vinci Greece,Ancient Inner Eurasia Letters and Correspondence Green or Environmental International Court of Justice Liberalism Movements International Criminal Court Libraries Green Revolution International Law Lincoln,Abraham Gregory VII International Monetary Systems Literature and Women Guevara,Che International Organizations— Locke,John Guilds Overview Logistics Gum Arabic Interregional Networks Long Cycles Interwar Years (1918–1939) Luther,Martin Hammurabi Isabella I Han Wudi Islam Macedonian Empire Hanseatic League Islamic Law Machiavelli,Niccolo Harappan State and Indus Islamic World Magellan,Ferdinand Civilization Mahavira Harun al-Rashid Jainism Malaria Hatshepsut Japanese Empire Mali Hausa States Jefferson,Thomas Manichaeism Henry the Navigator Jesus Manorialism Herodotus Joan of Arc Mansa Musa Hinduism Judaism Mao Zedong Hitler,Adolf Justinian I Maritime History Ho Chi Minh Marriage and Family Holocaust Kamehameha I Marx,Karl Homer Kanem-Bornu Mass Media Hong Merchants Kangxi Emperor Mathematics Horticultural Societies Kenyatta,Jomo Matriarchy and Patriarchy Hudson’s Bay Company Khmer Kingdom Mehmed II Human Evolution—Overview King,Martin Luther,Jr. Mencius Human Rights Kinship Mercantilism Kongo Meroë Iberian Trading Companies Kushan Empire Mesoamerica Ibn Battuta Mesopotamia Ibn Khaldun Labor Systems,Coercive Metallurgy Ibn Sina Labor Union Movements Migrations Imperialism Language,Classification of Military Engineering xii berkshire encyclopedia of world history Military Strategy and Tactics Pacific,Settlement of Religion—Overview Military Training and Discipline Paleoanthropology Religion and Government Millennialism Pan-Africanism Religion and War Miranda,Francisco de Paper Religious Freedom Missionaries Parliamentarianism Religious Fundamentalism Mississippian Culture Pastoral Nomadic Societies Religious Syncretism Modernity Paul,St. Renaissance Money Peace Making in the Modern Era Revolution—China Mongol Empire Peace Projects Revolution—Cuba Moses Pentecostalism Revolution—France Motecuhzoma II Periodization—Overview Revolution—Haiti Mughal Empire Periodization,Conceptions of Revolution—Iran Muhammad Persian Empire Revolution—Mexico Multinational Corporations Peter the Great Revolution—Russia Museums Pilgrimage Revolution—United States Music—Genres Piracy Revolutions,Communist Music and Political Protest Plastics Ricci,Matteo Mysticism Plato Roman Empire Political Thought Roosevelt,Eleanor Napoleon Polo,Marco Roosevelt,Franklin Delano Napoleonic Empire Population Rubber Nationalism Population Growth as Engine Rumi Nation-State of History Russian-Soviet Empire Native American Religions Porcelain Natural Gas Portuguese Empire Sacred Law Natural Law Postcolonial Analysis Sailing Ships Nature Postmodernism Saladin Navigation Production and Reproduction Salt Newton,Isaac Progress Sasanian Empire Nkrumah,Kwame Property Rights and Contracts Science—Overview Nonviolence Protestantism Scientific Instruments North Atlantic Treaty Scientific Revolution Organization Qin Shi Huangdi Secondary-Products Revolution Nubians Quinine Secularism Senghor,Léopold Oil Race and Racism Sex and Sexuality Oral History Radio Shaka Zulu Organization of American States Railroad Shamanism Orientalism Ramses II Shinto Orthodoxy,Christian Raynal,Abbé Guillaume Siddhartha Gautama Osman I Red Cross and Red Crescent Sikhism Ottoman Empire Movement Silk Roads list of entries xiii Sima Qian Trading Patterns,Ancient American Warfare—Pre-Columbian Meso- Slave Trades Trading Patterns,Ancient European america and North America Smith,Adam Trading Patterns,China Seas Warfare—Pre-Columbian South Social Darwinism Trading Patterns,Eastern America Social History European Warfare—South Asia Social Sciences Trading Patterns,Indian Ocean Warfare—Southeast Asia Social Welfare Trading Patterns,Mediterranean Warfare—Steppe Nomads Sociology Trading Patterns,Mesoamerican Warfare,Air Socrates Trading Patterns,Pacific Warfare,Comparative Sokoto Caliphate Trading Patterns,Trans-Saharan Warfare,Land Songhai Transportation—Overview Warfare,Naval Spanish Empire Travel Guides Warfare,Origins of Spice Trade Treaty of Versailles Warsaw Pact Sports Túpac Amaru Water Srivijaya Turkic Empire Water Management Stalin,Joseph Tutu,Desmond Western Civilization State Societies,Emergence of Women’s and Gender History State,The Ugarit Women’s Emancipation Steppe Confederations ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab Movements Sugar United Nations Women’s Reproductive Rights Sui Wendi Universe,Origins of Movements Sui Yangdi Urban II Women’s Suffrage Movements Süleyman Urbanization World Cities in History— Sumerian Society Utopia Overview Sun Yat-sen World Maps,Chinese Victoria World System Theory Tang Taizong Viking Society World War I Tea World War II Technology—Overview Wagadu Empire Writing Systems and Materials Telegraph and Telephone War and Peace—Overview Writing World History Textiles Warfare—Africa Thomas Aquinas,St. Warfare—China Yijing Thucydides Warfare—Europe Yongle Emperor Timber Warfare—Islamic World Time,Conceptions of Warfare—Japan and Korea Zheng He Timur Warfare—Post-Columbian Latin Zhu Yuanzhang Totemism America Zimbabwe,Great Tourism Warfare—Post-Columbian North Zionism Trade Cycles America Zoroastrianism