Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Encyclopedia of World Cultures Series): Africa and the Middle East PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Encyclopedia of World Cultures Series): Africa and the Middle East
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume IX AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CULTURES David Levinson Editor in Chief North America Oceania South Asia Europe (Central, Western, and Southeastern Europe) East and Southeast Asia Russia and Eurasia / China SouthAmerica Middle America and the Caribbean Africa and the Middle East Index The EncyclopediaofWorldCultures was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University. HRAF, the foremost international research organization in the field ofcultural an- thropology, is a not-for-profit consortium oftwenty-three sponsoring mem- bers and 300 participating member institutions in twenty-five countries. The HRAF archive, established in 1949, contains nearly one million pages ofin- formation on the cultures ofthe world. Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume IX AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST John Middleton and Amal Rassam Volume Editors Candice Bradley and Laurel L. Rose Associate Volume Editors G.K. Hall & Company An Imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan NEWYORK Prentice Hall International LONDON* MEXICOCITY * NEWDELHI* SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TORONTO / 1995 bytheHumanRelationsAreaFiles, Inc. Firstpublished in 1994 byG.K. Hall &Co., an imprint ofSimon & Schuster Macmillan 1633 Broadway NewYork, NY 10019-6785 AUTightsreserved. Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced inanyformorbyanymeans, electronicor mechanical, includingphotocopying,recording, orbyanyinformationstorageor retrievalsystemwithoutpermission inwritingfromthepublisher. 10 9 8 7 6 LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revisedforvolume9) Encyclopediaofworldcultures. Includesbibliographical references, filmographies,andindexes. Contents: v. 1.NorthAmerica/TimothyJ.O'Leary, DavidLevinson, volume editors-[etc]- v. 9AfricaandtheMiddleEast/JohnMiddleton andAmalRassam, volumeeditors. 1.Ethnology-Encyclopedias. I. Levinson, David, 1947- GN307.E53 1991 306'.097 90-49123 ISBN0-8161-1840-X (set: alk. paper) ISBN0-8161-1808-6 (v. 1: alk.paper) LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN0-8161-1815-9 (v.9: alk. paper) Thepaperused inthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciences-Permanence ofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1984. ®TM MANUFACTURED INTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA Contents Project Staff vi Contributors vii Preface xvii Introduction toAfrica xxiii Introduction to the Middle East xxxv Maps 1. Africa xli 2. CulturesofAfrica xlii 3. TheMiddleEast xliii 4. CulturesoftheMiddleEast xliv CulturesofAfricaand the MiddleEast 1 Appendix: Additional AfricanCultures 413 Ethnonym Index toAppendix 425 Glossary 431 Filmography 435 Index to Filmography 438 Directory ofDistributors 439 Ethnonym Index 440 The Editors 447 Project Staff Editorial Board Research Linda A. Bennett Patricia D. Andreucci Memphis State University Europe Bonnie Dyer-Bennet RonaldJohnson Femnado Cdmara Barbachano Editorialand Production Instituto Nacional de Antropologra e Historia, Mexico City Victoria Crocco Middle Americaand the Caribbean Elly Dickason NormalJ. Diamond Abraham Maramba University ofMichigan Ara Salibian China L. C. Salibian Christine Wright Paul Friedrich University ofChicago Cartography RussiaandEurasia Robert Sullivan Terence E. Hays Rhode Island College Rhode IslandCollege Oceania Paul Hockings University ofIllinois at Chicago South, East and Southeast Asia Robert V. Kemper Southern Methodist University Middle Americaand the Caribbean John H. Middleton Yale University Africa TimothyJ. O'Leary Human Relations Area Files NorthAmerica Amal Rassam Queens College and the Graduate Center ofthe City University ofNew York Middle East Johannes Wilbert University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles SouthAmerica Vi Contributors 1. Abbink Falasha; Sun InstitutvoorCultureleenSocialeAntropologie KatholiekeUniversiteit Nijmegen TheNetherlands RayG.Abrahams Nyamez and Sukumna DepartmentofSocialAnthropology CambridgeUniversity Cambridge UnitedKingdom IfiAmadiume Ibibia; Igbo DepartmentofReligion DartmouthCollege Hanover,NewHampshire UnitedStates NawalH.Ammar Nubians DepartmentofCriminalJustice KentStateUniversity Kent,Ohio UnitedStates RonaldR.Atkinson Acholi DepartmentofHistory UniversityofSouthCarolina Columbia,SouthCarolina UnitedStates KevinAvruch Jews ofIsrael DepartmentofSociologyandAnthropology GeorgeMasonUniversity Fairfax,Virginia UnitedStates Joelle Bahloul Jews of Ageria DepartmentofAnthropology IndianaUniversity Bloomington, Indiana UnitedStates SandraT. Barnes Yoruba DepartmentofAnthropology UniversityofPennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania UnitedStates Vii viii Contniurs AlanA. Bartholomew Turks Library AlbertusMagnusCollege NewHaven,Connecticut UnitedStates DanielG.Bates Yrik DepartmentofAnthropology HunterCollegeoftheCityUniversityofNewYork NewYork,NewYork UnitedStates DanF. Bauer Tray DepartmentofAnthropologyandSociology LafayetteCollege Easton,Pennsylvania UnitedStates LoisBeck Qzshqa'i DepartmentofAnthropology WashingtonUniversity St.Louis, Missouri UnitedStates JohnM. Beierle Dogon HumanRelations AreaFiles NewHaven,Connecticut UnitedStates PaulaGirshickBen-Amos Edo DepartmentofAnthropology IndianaUniversity Bloomington, Indiana UnitedStates BarbaraA. Bianco Pokot SocialScienceResearchCouncil NewYork,NewYork UnitedStates PaulBohannan rw ThreeRivers,California UnitedStates EmileBoonzaier Khoi DepartmentofSocialAnthropology UniversityofCapeTown RondeboschCape SouthAfrica M. F. C. Bourdillon Shona DepartmentofSociology UniversityofZimbabwe MountPleasant, Harare Zimbabwe CandiceBradley Luy LawrenceUniversity Appleton,Wisconsin UnitedStates JohnW Burton Anuak; Dinka; Nuer; Shiliuk DepartmentofAnthropology ConnecticutCollege NewLondon,Connecticut UnitedStates Contrbutors ix Annette Busby Kurds SanRafael,California UnitedStates PeterCarstens Cape Coloureds UniversityCollege UniversityofToronto Toronto Canada DawnChatty Bedouin TheSultanateofOman SumiColligan Karaites DepartmentofSociology, Anthropology, andSocialWork NorthAdamsStateCollege NorthAdams,Massachusetts UnitedStates ElizabethColson Tonga DepartmentofAnthropology UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley Berkeley, California UnitedStates RichardT.Curley Lango DepartmentofAnthropology UniversityofCalifornia, Davis Davis,California UnitedStates MichaelM.Donovan Kipsigs Brooklyn,NewYork UnitedStates VernonR. Dorjahn Temne DepartmentofAnthropology UniversityofOregon Eugene,Oregon UnitedStates SusanDrucker-Brown Moaprusi DepartmentofSocialAnthropology CambridgeUniversity Cambridge UnitedKingdom GeraldM.Erchak KPelie DepartmentofAnthropology, Sociology,andSocialWork SkidmoreCollege SaratogaSprings,NewYork UnitedStates CaesarE. Farah Chaldeans; Jacobites; Maronites; Nestorians; Syriacs DepartmentofHistory UniversityofMinnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota UnitedStates PamelaFeldman-Savelsberg Bamiekki DepartmentofSociologyandAnthropology CarletonCollege Northfield, Minnesota UnitedStates x Contributors GregoryA. Finnegan Mossi TozzerLibrary HarvardUniversity Cambridge,Massachusetts UnitedStates Jean-GabrielGauthier Fali Laboratoiredel'Anthropologie UniversitydeBordeauxI Talence France MichelleGilbert Akan Guilford,Connecticut UnitedStates EvaGillies Zande Lewes,Sussex UnitedKingdom JackGlazier Mbeere DepartmentofAnthropology OberlinCollege Oberlin, Ohio UnitedStates JackGoody Lobi-Dagarti Peoples St.JohnsCollege CambridgeUniversity Cambridge UnitedKingdom N.ThomasHakansson Qusii DepartmentofAnthropology UniversityofKentucky Lexington,Kentucky UnitedStates C.R. Hallpike Konso DepartmentofAnthropology McMasterUniversity Hamilton, Ontario Canada RosemaryHarris Yako DepartmentofAnthropology UniversityCollegeLondon London UnitedKingdom DavidM. Hart Berbers ofMorocco Garrucha (Almerfa) Spain Bernhard Helander Somalis DepartmentofCulturalAnthropology UniversityofUppsala Uppsala Sweden BarryS. Hewlett Tropical-Forest Foragers DepartmentofAnthropology WashingtonStateUniversity Pullman,Washington UnitedStates
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