Table Of Content

Encyclopedia of World Cultures SUPPLEMENT Encyclopedia of World Cultures SUPPLEMENT Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement Editors in Chief Kelvin Ember, President, Human Relations Area Files Carol R. Ember, Executive Directory Human Relations Area Files Ian Skoggard, Associate in Research, Human Relations Area Files Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) at Yale University. The fore- most international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, HRAF is a not-for-profit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The mission of HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the cross-cultural study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information, indexed accord- ing to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of the world. An increasing por- tion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more than 365 cultures, is accessible via the World Wide Web to member institutions. The HRAF Collection of Archaeology, the first installment of which appeared in 1999, is also accessible on the Web to those member institutions opting to receive it. Encyclopedia of World Cultures SUPPLEMENT Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, and Ian Skoggard, Editors MACMILLAN REFERENCE USA THOMSON LEARNING New York · Detroit · San Diego · San Francisco Boston · New Haven, Conn. · Waterville, Maine London · Munich Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement Copyright © 2002 Macmillan Reference USA, an imprint of Gale Group ISBN 0-02-865671-7 Macmillan Reference USA 300 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 Macmillan Reference USA 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval sys- tem, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Printed in the United States of America Printing number 123456789 10 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI-NISO Z.3948-1992 (Permanence of Paper) Contents Editorial Board and Project Staff vi List of Contributors vii Preface xvii Maps xix Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement 1 Glossary 395 List of Cultures by Country 405 Ethnonym Index 407 Subject Index 411 ν Editorial Board Editorial and Production Staff Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, Ian Skoggard, Monica M. Hubbard, Senior Editor Editors in Chief Advisors Linda S. Hubbard, Directory Macmillan Library Reference Norma Diamond Nicole Watkins, Contributing Editor University of Michigan Christine O'Bryan, Graphics Specialist China Susan Kelsch, Indexing Manager Terence E. Hays Evi Seoud, Assistant Manager, Composition Rhode Island College Rita Wimberley, Manufacturing Buyer Oceania Tracey Rowens, Vage Design Paul Hockings Cindy Baldwin, Cover Design University of Illinois—Chicago South Asia, East and Southeast Asia M. Marlene Martin Macmillan Reference USA Human Relations Area Files Frank Menchaca, Vice President North America Jill Lectka, Associate Publisher Johannes Wilbert University of California—Los Angeles South America Contributors Jon G. Abbink Meen Leiden University Institute of Cultural and Social Studies Leiden The Netherlands Mario I. Aguilar Oromo St. Mary's College University of St. Andrews St. Andrews United Kingdom Jude C. Aguwa Mende Division of Civic and Cultural Studies Mercy College Dobbs Ferry, New York United States Jeffrey D. Anderson Arapaho Department of Anthropology Colby College Waterville, Maine United States Margaret Seguin Anderson Tsimshiam First Nations Studies University of Northern British Columbia Prince Rupers, British Columbia Canada George N. Appell Rungus Dusun Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts United States Mark J. Awakuni-Swetland Omaha Anthropology and Native American Studies University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska United States Bettina Beer Wampar Institut für Ethnologie der Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany vii viii Contributors John Beierle Chinese Americans; Chinese Canadians; Eastern Toraja; Human Relations Area Files Northeast Massim New Haven, Conneticut United States George Clement Bond Tumbuka Department of International and Transcultural Studies Teachers College, Columbia University New York City, New York United States C. C. Boonzaaier Tsonga Department of Anthropology and Archaeology Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria Pretoria Republic of South Africa Tone Bringa Bosniaks University of Bergen Bergen Norway Jennifer S. H. Brown Ojibwa University of Winnipeg Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada Melissa J. Brown Tujia Department of Anthropological Sciences Stanford University Stanford, California United States Stephen L. Cabrai Portuguese-Americans Adjunct Faculty Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of Massachusetts—Dartmouth Division of Continuing Education Program Manager Substance Abuse Care and Treatment Services Cambridge, Massachusetts Portsmouth, Rhode Island United States Robert L. Canfield Razara Department of Antropology Washington University—Saint Louis Saint Louis, Missouri United States Carolle Charles Haitian Americans Bernard M. Baruch College City University of New York New York, New York United States Siu-woo Cheung Ghung Hmung Division of Humanities The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong