Encyclopedia of women in American history PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of women in American history
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WOMEN IN AMERICAN HISTORY VOLUME I-III ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WOMEN IN AMERICAN HISTORY VOLUME I Colonization, Revolution, and the New Nation, 1585-1820 General Editor JOYCE APPLEBY, Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES VOLUME II Civil War, Western Expansion, and Industrialization, 1820-1900 General Editor EILEEN K. CHENG, Ph.D. SARAH LAWRENCE COLLEGE VOLUME III Suffrage, World War, and Modern Times, 1900-Present General Editor JOANNE GOODWIN, Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA AT LAs VEGAS Advisers MIRIAM J. COHEN, Ph.D. VASSAR COLLEGE LYDE C. SIZER, Ph.D. SARAH LAWRENCE COLLEGE E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F W O M E N I N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y V(cid:50)(cid:47)(cid:56)(cid:48)(cid:40) (cid:44)(cid:16)(cid:44)(cid:44)(cid:44) General Editor JOYCE APPLEBY, PH.D UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAATLOSANGELES EILEEN K. CHENG, Ph.D. SARAH LAWRENCE COLLEGE JOANNE L. GOOD WIN, Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA AT LAS VEGAS Advisers MIRIAM J. COHEN, PH.D. VASSARCOLLEGE LYDE C. SIZER, PH.D. SARAHLAWRENCECOLLEGE First published 2002 by M.E. Sharpe Published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor &&&&and &Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. SET ISBN: 0-7656-8038-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of women in American history. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Contents: v. 1. Colonization, revolution, and the new nation, 1585–1820 / general editor, Joyce Appleby — v. 2. Civil War, western expansion, and industrialization, 1820–1900 / general editor, Eileen K. Cheng — v. 3. Sufferage, world war, and modern times, 1900–present / general editor, Joanne Goodwin. ISBN: 0-7656-803 8-6 1. Women—United States—History—Encyclopedias. I. Appleby, Joyce Oldham. II. Cheng, Eileen K. III. Goodwin, Joanne L. HQ1410 .E53 2001 305.4’0973’03—dc21 2001042025 ISBN 13: 9780765680389 (hbk) SET CONTENTS Consultants and Contributors xii Bradstreet, Anne Dudley Eldridge, Elleanore Preface xm Brant, Molly Emerson, Mary Moody Timeline ofHistorical Events (Vol. I) x1v Brent, Margaret Entertainment Timeline of Historical Events (Vol. 2) xv Brewer, Lucy Entrepreneurs Timeline of Historical Events (Vol. 3) xv1 Brooks, Maria Gowen Equality of Female Intellect Brown, Phoebe Hinsdale Estaugh, Elizabeth Haddon VOLUME I Bundling Factories PART 1: ESSAYS Captivity Narratives Family Life, Colonial Women in Colonial and Early Catholics Family Life, Free Black National America 3 Charters, Colonial Family Life, Native American Women and the Law in Colonial Cherokee Household Economy Family Life, Republican and Revolutionary America 6 Childbearing Years Farrar, Elizabeth Ware Rotch Domestic Life in the Colonial Years 10 Childbirth Fashion Women and Religion 14 Child Custody Feme Sole Trader Acts Gender Ideology in the Childhood Ferguson, Elizabeth Graeme Revolutionary Era 19 Choctaw Household Economy Fisher, Mary Social Control 23 Christianity Fornication Stages in a Woman's Life in Church Membership Foster, Hannah Webster the Early Republic 27 Civic Life Franklin, Ann Smith Women's Citizenship in the Early Cockacoeske Franklin, Deborah Read Republic 31 Colleges Free Black Communities Colonial Household Economy French and Indian War PART 2: ARTICLES Common Law French Household Economy Congregationalists Friendship Abortion Constitution, United States Frontier Life Adams, Abigail Smith Cooke, Harriet B. Gage, Margaret Kemble Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson Coolidge, Ellen Randolph Galloway, Grace Growdon Adolescence Corbin, Margaret Cochran Games Aitken, Jane Corey, Martha Gender and English Identity in the Alexander, Mary Spratt Provoost Courts Seventeenth Century Algonquian Household Economy Courtship Gender and Racial Differences Alston, Theodosia Burr Coverture Gender Frontiers American Revolution Crimes Against Women Gentility Anglicans Crocker, Hannah Mather German Household Economy Anti-miscegenation Laws Custis, Eleanor Calvert Goddard, Sarah Updike Apprenticeships Dame Schools Gossip Arnold, Peggy Shippen Darragh, Lydia Barrington Gould, Hannah Flagg Arts, Patrons of the Death and Funerals Graham, Isabella Marshall Bache, Sarah Franklin Declaration of Independence Great Awakenings Bailey, Abigail Abbot Denominationalism Green, Anne Hoof Bailey, Lydia R. Diaries and Journals Greene, Catharine Littlefield Ballard, Martha Baptists Diseases Greenleaf, Anna Barnard, Hannah Jenkins Divorce Laws Gynecology Benevolent Associations, Women's Domestic Arts Hall, Thomas/Thomasine Berkeley, Lady Frances Culpeper Domestic Life Hallam, Mrs. Lewis Bethune, Joanna Graham Dow, Peggy Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler The Bible and the Subordination Dower Rights Harrison, Anna Symmes of Women Drinker, Elizabeth Sandwich Hart, Nancy Bill of Rights Duchesne, Rose Phillippine Health Bingham, Anne Willing Bleecker, Ann Eliza Dutch Household Economy Heck, Barbara Ruckle Bradford, Cornelia Smith Edwards, Sarah Pierpont Hemings, Sally v vi SET CONTENTS Hibbins, Ann Pawnee Household Economy Textbook Writing Hume, Sophia Wigington Pelham, Mary Singleton Copley Thompson, Sarah, Countess of Hutchinson, Anne Marbury Penn, Hannah Callowhill Rumford Illegitimacy Perkins, Elizabeth Peck Timothy, Ann Donovan Immigration and Naturalization Timothy, Elizabeth Ann Philanthropy Indentured Servitude Tituba Infancy Philipse, Margaret Hardenbrook Trade and Retailing Iroquois Household Economy Pierce, Sarah Tureli,Jane Colman Jackson, Rachel Donelson Robards Pinckney, Eliza Tyler, Mary Hunt Palmer Jay, Sarah Livingston Pinney, Eunice Griswold Urban Life Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton Poetry Van Buren, Hannah Hoes Jemison, Mary Poor Laws Van Rensselaer, Maria Van Cortlandt Jews and Judaism Preaching Vickery, Sukey Jones, Rebecca Pregnancy Virginia Company Brides Judson, Ann Hassel tine Prince, Lucy Terry Voluntary Associations Judson, Sarah Hall Boardman Printing and Publishing Voters, Women Kaahumanu Prior, Margaret Barrett Allen Wage Earners King Philip's War Property Rights Washington, Mary Ball Knight, Sarah Kemble Prophesying Watteville, Henrietta Benigna Justine Lalor, Alice (Mother Teresa) Prostitution Zinzendorf von Law, Elizabeth Custis Pueblo Household Economy Weetamoo Lee, Hannah Farnham Sawyer Puritans Wells, Rachel Lovell Lesbians Quakers Widowhood Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis Ramsay, Martha Laurens Wilkinson, Eliza Yonge Literacy Randolph, Martha Jefferson Wilkinson, Jemima Literature, 17th Century Randolph, Mary Wilson, Sarah Literature, 18th Century Litigation Randolph, Nancy Winthrop, Elizabeth Fones Logan, Deborah Norris Religious Sects Winthrop, Margaret Tyndal Logan, Martha Daniell Republicanism Witch Trials, Salem McCrea, Jane Republican Motherhood Women, Status of Madison, Dolley Payne Todd Rind, Clementina Wood, Sally Sayward Barrell Keating Magic and Astrology Rowson, Susanna Haswell Wright, Lucy Marriage Ceremonies Royall, Anne Newport Wright, Patience Lovell Marriage, Companionate Rural Life Wright, Susanna Marriage Laws Sacagawea Zane, Elizabeth "Betty" Marriages, Slave Sanders, Elizabeth Elkins Mathews, Ann Teresa Schools PART 3: DOCUMENTS Mayflower Compact Schuyler, Catherine van Rensselaer Proceedings of the Virginia Company Mecom,Jane Franklin Science ofLondon (1619-1624) 210 Medicine Seminole Household Economy An Examination of Mrs. Anne Merry, Ann Brunton Servants, Domestic Hutchinson (1637) 213 Methodists Sexton, Lydia Cadas Cox Selected Poetry of Anne Bradstreet Midwifery Sexuality, Regulation of (1650) 218 Missionaries Shakers The Poems of Phillis Wheatley Monroe, Elizabeth Kortright Shawnee Household Economy (1773) 224 Montour, Madame Shippen, Anne (Nancy) Selected Letters of the Adams Moody, Lady Deborah Dunch Slander Family(1775-1776) 228 Morris, Elizabeth Carrington Slave Family Structure The Gleaner (1798) 231 Morton, Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Slavery History of the Rise, Progress and Murray, Judith Sargent Stevens Slocum, Frances Termination of the American Native Americans Smith, Margaret Bayard Revolution ( 1805) 235 N ewe II, Harriet Atwood Spanish Household Economy Novels and Romantic Love Sports VOLUME II Nurse, Rebecca Starbuck, Mary Coffyn Old Age and Mortality Stoneman, Abigail PART 1: ESSAYS Painting and Sculpting Suffrage, Woman Parrish, Anne Tekakwitha, Catherine Women and Nineteenth-Century Patriarchy Tenney, Tabitha Gilman America 240 SET CONTENTS vii Domesticity and Ideology of Chapman, Maria Weston Freeman, Mary Wilkins Separate Spheres 245 Chesnut, Mary Boykin Miller Fremont, Jessie Ann Benton Family, Marriage, and Sexuality 248 Chicago Women's Club Friendships, Female Public Life: Citizenship and Child, Lydia Maria Francis Fuller, Margaret Women's Rights 252 Childbirth and Pregnancy Gage, Frances Dana Barker Women and Reform 255 Child Custody Gage, Matilda Joslyn Women and Religion 259 Childhood, Children Garfield, Lucretia Rudolph Women and Western Expansion, Chinese Exclusion Act Gayle, Sarah Ann Haynesworth 1820-1900 263 Chinese Immigrants General Federation of Women's Clubs Race and Slavery 268 Chopin, Kate O'Flaherty German Immigrants Women, Work, and Civil War Gibson Girl Industrialization 271 Clerical Work Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Immigration and Urbanization 274 Cleveland, Frances Folsom Godey 's Lady's Book Colleges Grant, Julia Dent PART 2: ARTICLES Collins, Jennie Gratz, Rebecca Colored Women's League Greenhow, Rose O'Neal Abolition Comstock Law Grimke, Sarah Moore Abortion Contraception Gynecology Adams, Marian Hooper Cooper, Anna Julia Haywood Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell Addams, Jane Courtship Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins Adultery Crandall, Prudence Harrison, Anna Symmes Advice Books Croly,Jane Cunningham Harrison, Caroline Lavinia Scott African-American Women Dall, Caroline Healey Hayes, Lucy Ware Webb African Methodist Episcopal Church Daughters of St. Crispin Health Ah Tsun Davis, Paulina Kellogg Wright Hispanic Family Life Alcott, Louisa May Davis, Rebecca Harding Home Protection Ballot American Anti-Slavery Society Dawes Act Homestead Act American Equal Rights Association Denominationalism Housework American Woman Suffrage Association Diaries and Journals Howe, Julia Ward Anthony, Susan B. Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth Hull House Anti-miscegenation Laws Dickinson, Emily Illinois Women's Alliance Antislavery Petitions Diseases Indian Removal Arthur, Ellen Lewis Herndon Divorce Indian Rights Movement Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary Dix, Dorothea Lynde Industrial Christian Home Bagley, Sarah G. Domestic Arts Industrial Revolution Baptists Domestic Servants Infancy Barnett, Ida B. Wells Douglass, Sarah Mapps Insanity Barry, Leonora Marie Dress Reform Irish Immigrants Barton, Clara Eddy, Mary Baker Jackson, Helen Maria Fiske Hunt Beecher, Catharine Esther Edmonds, S. Emma Jackson, Rebecca Cox Benevolent Societies Education Jacobi, Mary Corinna Putnam Blackwell, Elizabeth Elaw, Zilpha Jacobs, Frances Wisehart Blake, Lillie Devereux Ellet, Elizabeth Fries Lummis Jacobs, Harriet Ann Bloomer, Amelia Jenks Emancipation Proclamation Jewett, Helen Bly, Nellie Entertainment Jewett, Sarah Orne Boyd, Belle Entrepreneurs Jewish Americans Bradley, Lydia Moss Equal Rights Party Johnson, Eliza McCardle Bradwell, Myra Colby Etiquette Books Jones, Mary Harris "Mother" Brown, Charlotte Hawkins Factories and Factory Workers Journalism Brown, Olympia Family, Nuclear and Extended Kearney, Belle Bryn Mawr College Family Wage System Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs Cabrini, St. Frances Xavier Fashion Kemble, Frances Anne California Gold Rush Fern, Fanny Knights of Labor Carlisle School Fillmore, Abigail Powers Labor Reform Association, Female Cassatt, Mary Foote, Mary Hallock Laney, Lucy Craft Catholics Foster, Abigail Kelley Larcom, Lucy Catt, Carrie Clinton Lane Chapman Freedmen's Aid Societies Lawyers Centennial Exhibition of 1876 Freedmen's Schools Lazarus, Emma viii SET CONTENTS Lease, Mary Elizabeth Clyens O'Neale, Margaret L. Starr, Ellen Gates Lee, Eliza Buckminster Oregon Trail Stewart, Maria Miller Lee,Jarena O'Sullivan, Mary Kenney Stone, Lucy Lesbians Outwork Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Letters Page Act Strikes Liliuokalani Painting and Sculpture Suffrage Lincoln, Mary Ann Todd Parker, Cynthia Ann Taylor, Margaret Mackall Smith Lind, Jenny Passionlessness Taylor, Susie King Livermore, Harriet Paternalism Teaching Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice Patterson, Mary Jane Temperance Lockwood, Belva Ann Bennett Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer Tenements McNall Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart Terrell, Mary Church Love, Romantic Philanthropy Textile Industry Lowell, Josephine Shaw Piecework Thomas, Ella Gertrude Clanton Lowell Mill Workers Pierce, Jane Means Appleton Thomas, Martha Carey Lynching Plessy v. Ferguson Tibbles, Susette La Flesche Lynn Shoe Workers Polk, Sarah Childress Tillson, Christiana Holmes Lyon, Mary Populism Towle, Nancy McCord, Lousia Cheves Post, Amy Kirby Troy Female Seminary McKinley, Ida Saxton Preaching Truth, Sojourner Magazines and Periodicals Presbyterian Mission Home Tubman, Harriet Ross Marriage Prostitution Tuskegee Institute Marriage Laws Protective Labor Laws Tyler, Letitia Christian Medical College of Pennsylvania, Purvis, Harriet Forten Underground Railroad Female Quakers Vassar College Medicine Radcliffe College Voice of Industry Methodists Rape Voluntary Associations Middle Class Reconstruction Wage Earners Midwifery Rescue Homes Ward, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Miner, Myrtilla Richards, Ellen Swallow Warner, Susan Mining Camps Richards, Linda Weld, Angelina Grimke Minor v. Happersett Rogers, Mary Wellesley College Missionaries Rose, Ernestine Louise Potowski Western Frontier, Family Life iVIissouri v. Celia Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre Widowhood Mitchell, Maria Rural, Farm, and Ranch Life Willard, Emma Hart Mormons Sanitary Commission Willard, Frances Elizabeth Caroline Motherhood Say, Lucy Sistare Williams, Frances Barrier Mott, Lucretia Coffin Schuyler, Louisa Lee Women's Central Association of Mount Holyoke Seminary Science Relief National Association of Colored Second Great Awakening Women's Christian Temperance Women Sedgwick, Catharine Union National Council ofJ ewish Women Seneca Falls Convention Women's Club Movement National Woman Suffrage Settlement House Movement Women's Medical College of the New Association Seventh Day Adventism York Infirmary Native American Family Life Sexuality, Regulation of Women's National Loyal League Neurasthenia Sharecropping Women's Rights Movement New England Female Medical College Shoe Industry Woodhull, Victoria for Women Sigourney, Lydia Huntley Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly New Era Club Slavery Working Class New York Children's Aid Society Smith, Sophia Working Girls' Clubs New York Female Moral Reform Smith College Working Women's Protective Union Society Solomon, Hannah Greenebaum World's Columbian Exposition Newman, Angie Sorosis ofl893 Novels Southern Lady Wright, Frances Nursing Spelman Seminary Writers Oakley, Annie Spies, Civil War Wu Tien Fu Oberlin College Spiritualism Young Women's Christian Old Age and Mortality Stanton, Elizabeth Cady Association SET CONTENTS ix PART 3: DOCUMENTS American Federation of Clinton, Hillary Rodham Nancy Ward to the Cherokee Labor/ Congress of Industrial Congress, Women in Council (1817) 466 Organizations Consent Laws, Age of An Address to the United American Federation of Teachers Coolidge, Grace Goodhue Tailoresses Society (1831) 467 Anderson, Laurie Cooney,Joan Ganz Letters on the Equality of Women Anderson, Mary Dance and the Condition of the Angelou, Maya Daughters of Bilitis Sexes (1837) 469 Anorexia Nervosa Davis, Angela The Lowell Offering ( 1840s) 4 73 Anti-miscegenation Laws Day, Doris A Treatise on Domestic Economy Arden, Elizabeth Day, Dorothy (1841) 476 Artists Deloria, Ella Cara Declaration of Sentiments (1848) 479 Ash, Mary Kay Del Rio, Dolores Maria Perkins to Her Husband Asian Americans De Varona, Donna E. (1852) 481 Athletics Dewson, Mary Williams (Molly) Susan B. Anthony Announcing Avery, Byllye Division of Labor, Sexual Her Having Voted (1872) 482 Aviation and Space Divorce Laws "Solitude of Self' ( 1892) 483 Baez,Joan Dole, Elizabeth Hanford Southern Horrors: Lynch Law Baker, Ella Domestic Service in All Its Phases (1892-1895) 487 Baker, Josephine Drew, Nancy Sadie Frowne: A Sweatshop Girl Barbie Duncan, Isadora (1902) 491 Beard, Mary Duniway, Abigail Scott Benedict, Ruth Fulton Dyk, Ruth Belcher VOLUME III Berry, Mary Francis Eagle Forum Bethune, Mary McLeod Earhart, Amelia PART 1: ESSAYS Black, Cathleen Education Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons Eisenhower, Mary (Mamie) Geneva Industry, Modernity, and Diversity: (Zitkala-Sha) Doud A Historical Overview of the Brice, Fannie Eisenstadt v. Baird Twentieth Century 498 Brooks, Gwendolyn EMILY's List Women in Public Life 502 Brown, Helen Gurley Endo, Mitsuye Women and the Labor Force 505 Brown, Rita Mae Entertainment Women and the Consumer Brownmiller, Susan Entrepreneurs Society 509 Bush, Barbara Pierce The Equal Credit Opportunity Act A Woman's Body 512 Bush, Laura Lane Welch Equal Employment Opportunity Violence Against Women 515 Business and Industry Commission The Civil Rights Movement 517 Cable Act Equal Pay Acts of 1963 and 1972 The Changing American Family 520 Cadet Nurses Corps Equal Rights Amendment Women and the Media 523 Calderone, Mary Steichen Fair Labor Standards Act Feminism 525 Caldicott, Helen Broinowski Family and Medical Leave Act California Federal Savings and Loan v. Fashion Guerra Feinstein, Dianne Goldman PART 2: ARTICLES Callas, Maria Feminism, Radical Abbott, Edith Camp Fire Girls Ferraro, Geraldine Abbott, Grace Cannon, Annie Jump Fiorina, Cara Carleton S. Abortion Carpenter, Candice Fitzgerald, Ella Abzug, Bella Savitsky Carson, Rachel Florence Crittendon Homes Actors Carter, Rosalynn Smith Ford, Elizabeth (Betty) Bloomer Adams, Eva B. Cather, Willa Franklin, Aretha Adkins v. Children's Hospital Chavez-Thompson, Linda Friedan, Betty Goldstein Adolescence Chicana Frontiero v. Richardson African Americans Child Care Garland, Judy Aid to Dependent Children Child Custody Gibson, Althea Albright, Madeleine Child Labor Ginsburg, Ruth Bader American Association of University Child Support Girl Scouts of America Women Children's Bureau Glass Ceiling American Civil Liberties Union Cisneros, Sandra Goldman, Emma
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