Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures, Vol. 2: Family, Law and Politics (Encyclopaedia of Women and Islamic Cultures)

876 Pages·2005·9.56 MB·English

by  Suad Joseph

Encyclopedia of Women
& Islamic Cultures
volume ii
Family, Law and Politics
General Editor: Suad Joseph (University of California, Davis)
Associate Editors and their regional responsibilities:
Afsaneh Najmabadi (Harvard University)
Turkey, Iran, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asia and the Muslim
Republics of the ex-Soviet Union.
Julie Peteet (University of Louisville)
Seteney Shami(Social Science Research Council)
Arab Gulf States, the Arab Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, Mauritania, Israel,
Andalusian Spain and Europe under the Ottoman Empire.
Jacqueline Siapno(University of Melbourne)
China, Mongolia, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Burma, Thailand, Australia,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Asian Pacific.
Jane I. Smith(Hartford Seminary)
Western Europe, the Americas, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Editorial Assistant to Jane I. Smith:
Alice Horner (Independent scholar)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
Copy editing:
Margaret Owen
Indexing:
Paul Schrijver
Advisory Board:
Lila Abu-Lughod, Columbia University Kim Knott, University of Leeds
Leila Ahmed, Harvard University Saba Mahmood, University of California,
Nadje al-Ali, University of Exeter Berkeley
Soraya Altorki, American University in Cairo Katayun Mazdapur, Institute for Humanities and
Rabiatu Ammah, University of Ghana Cultural Studies, Tehran
Yesim Arat, Bog˘aziçi University Aminah McCloud, DePaul University
Barbara Aswad, Wayne State University Anne Meneley, Trent University
Beth Baron, City College New York Barbara Metcalf, University of Michigan
John Bowen, Washington University Farzaneh Milani, University of Virginia
Suzanne Brenner, University of California, Shahrzad Mojab, University of Toronto
San Diego Kathleen Moore, Universtiy of Calfornia,
Jocelyn Cesari, CNRS and Harvard University Santa Barbara
Julia Clancy-Smith, University of Arizona Ebrahim Moosa, Duke University
Virginia Danielson, Harvard University Cynthia Nelson, American University in Cairo
Layla Diba, The Bard Graduate Center for Studies Karin van Nieuwkerk, ISIM Nijmegen University
in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture Sulayman Nyang, Howard University
Elizabeth Fernea, University of Texas, Austin Norani Othman, University of Kebangsaan,
Yvonne Haddad, Georgetown University Malaysia
Sondra Hale, University of California, Carla Petievitch, Montclair State University
Los Angeles Anthony Reid, National University of Singapore
Virginia Matheson Hooker, Australian National Barbara Stowasser, Georgetown University
University Sylvia Tiwon, University of California, Berkeley
Deniz Kandiyoti, University of London Nayereh Tohidi, California State University
Nursyahbani Katjasungkana, Indonesian Northridge
Women’s Association for Justice Frances Trix, Wayne State University
Nikki Keddie, University of California, Judith Tucker, Georgetown University
Los Angeles
Encyclopedia of Women
& Islamic Cultures
volume ii
Family, Law and Politics
General Editor
Suad Joseph
Associate Editors
Afsaneh Najmabadi
Julie Peteet
Seteney Shami
Jacqueline Siapno
Jane I. Smith
brill
leiden – boston
2005
© Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, ISBN90 04 12818 2 (Vol.II)
Leiden, The Netherlands ISBN90 04 13247 3 (Set)
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may bere- Cover design: beeldvorm, Pijnacker
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Contents
List of Contributors .................................................................................................................. xv
List of Illustrations .................................................................................................................... xxi
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... xxiii
Preface (Suad Joseph) ................................................................................................................ xxvii
Adoption and Fostering
Overview (Ingrid Mattson) .................................................................................................... 1
Central Asia and the Caucasus (Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova) .................... 3
North Africa (Jamila Bargach) .............................................................................................. 4
Turkey (Ferhunde Özbay) ...................................................................................................... 5
Apostasy
Overview (Nancy Gallagher) ................................................................................................ 7
Armenian Women
Overview (Houri Berberian) .................................................................................................. 10
Bahà±ìWomen
Overview (Susan Stiles Maneck) ............................................................................................ 15
Citizenship
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Marie-Carin von Gumppenberg) ........................................ 19
Egypt, Sudan and Arab States (Valentine M. Moghadam) ...................................................... 21
The Gulf and Yemen (Rima Sabban) ...................................................................................... 24
Southeast Asia (Vivienne Wee & Asma Beatrix) .................................................................... 25
Western Europe (Jocelyne Cesari) .......................................................................................... 29
Civil Society
Overview (Elizabeth F. Thompson) ........................................................................................ 34
Afghanistan (Elaheh Rostami Povey) .................................................................................... 40
The Balkans (Jasna Bak“iƒMuftiƒ) ........................................................................................ 42
Iran (Farideh Farhi) .............................................................................................................. 43
Israel (Hanna Herzog) .......................................................................................................... 44
Sub-Saharan Africa (Robert A. Dowd) .................................................................................. 47
Civil Society and Democracy Ideologies
Central Asia and the Caucasus (Anara Tabyshalieva) ............................................................ 50
South Asia (Rounaq Jahan) .................................................................................................... 52
Turkey (Yeçim Arat) .............................................................................................................. 55
Colonialism and Imperialism
British Colonial Domains of South Asia (Siobhan Lambert-Hurley) ...................................... 59
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania (Susanna G. Rizzo) .................................... 61
Egypt (Mervat F. Hatem) ........................................................................................................ 66
French North Africa (Patricia M. E. Lorcin) .......................................................................... 69
Middle East, British (Nancy L. Stockdale) .............................................................................. 70
Russian Colonial Domains of the Caucasus and Central Asia (Mitra Raheb) ........................ 72
Sub-Saharan Africa (Lorelle Denise Semley) .......................................................................... 74
Constitutions
The Caucasus and Central Asian States (Dono Abdurazakova) .............................................. 78
Indonesia (SusìDwì Harìjantì) .............................................................................................. 79
The Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan (Asghar Schirazi) ............................................ 81
South Asia (Laura Dudley Jenkins) ........................................................................................ 82
Sub-Saharan Africa (José C. M. van Santen) .......................................................................... 84
vi contents
Democracy Ideologies
Arab States (Lindsey Fauss) .................................................................................................... 87
Asia-Pacific Region (Mohammad Mohabbat Khan) ................................................................ 89
Iran and Afghanistan (Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut) ........................................................................ 94
Israel (Elizabeth Anne Faier) .................................................................................................... 95
Divorce and Custody: Contemporary Practices
Arab States (Willy Jansen) ...................................................................................................... 98
Australia (Jamila Hussain) ...................................................................................................... 100
Canada (Earle Waugh) ............................................................................................................ 102
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova) ...................... 103
Iran and Afghanistan (Homa Hoodfar) .................................................................................... 105
South Asia (Nasreen Fazalbhoy) .............................................................................................. 106
Western Europe (Haifaa Jawad) .............................................................................................. 108
Domestic Violence
Arab States (Leila Hessini) ...................................................................................................... 111
Canada (Shaheen Hussain Azmi) ............................................................................................ 112
The Caucasus (Feride Zurikashvili) ........................................................................................ 115
Central Asia (Marfua Tokhatakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova) ................................................ 116
Iran and Afghanistan (Vida Nassehi-Behnam) ........................................................................ 117
Israel (Madelaine Adelman) .................................................................................................... 119
The Ottoman Empire (Elyse Semerdjian) ................................................................................ 121
South Asia (Habiba Zaman) .................................................................................................... 123
Sub-Saharan Africa (Scott London) ........................................................................................ 125
Turkey (Cânân Arin) .............................................................................................................. 128
Domesticity
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) ................................................................................................ 130
East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia (Mina Roces) ............................................................ 131
Iran and Afghanistan (Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi) ...................................................................... 134
Sub-Saharan Africa: Hausa Societies (Elsbeth Robson) ............................................................ 135
Turkey (Çule Toktaç) ................................................................................................................ 137
Family Relations
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) ................................................................................................ 140
Central Asia (Colette Harris) .................................................................................................. 141
South Asia (Nita Kumar) ........................................................................................................ 142
Sub-Saharan Africa: Fulbe Societies (B. Lacey Andrews) .......................................................... 144
Turkey (Sevil Sümer) ................................................................................................................ 146
The United States (Barbara C. Aswad) .................................................................................... 147
Western Europe (Chantal Saint-Blancat) .................................................................................. 151
Families: Metaphors of Nation
Overview (Kathryn Robinson) ................................................................................................ 154
Family: Modern Islamic Discourses
Canada (Alisa Perkins) ............................................................................................................ 161
Central Asia (Colette Harris) .................................................................................................. 163
Iran and Afghanistan (Valentine M. Moghadam) .................................................................... 164
Turkey and the Caucasus (E. Olcay Imamo©lu) ...................................................................... 165
The United States (Earle Waugh) ............................................................................................ 167
Fatwa
Overview (Elora Shehabuddin) ................................................................................................ 171
Freedom of Expression
Australia (Alia Imtoual) .......................................................................................................... 175
Iran (Masoud Kazemzadeh) .................................................................................................... 177
South Asia (Ratna Kapur) ........................................................................................................ 179
Sub-Saharan Africa (Ousseina Alidou) .................................................................................... 181
Turkey (Amberin Zaman) ........................................................................................................ 183
contents vii
The United States (Mohamed Nimer) ...................................................................................... 184
Western Europe (Valérie Amiraux) .......................................................................................... 186
Friendship
Arab States (Celia E. Rothenberg) .......................................................................................... 189
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Andrea Giacomuzzi) ............................................................ 191
Iran and Afghanistan (Mary Elaine Hegland) .......................................................................... 192
South Asia (Rehana Ghadially) ................................................................................................ 194
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Frank A. Salamone) ............................................................ 195
Gender Socialization
Central Asia (Sofia Kasymova) ................................................................................................ 198
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ............................................................................ 199
The Ottoman Empire (Madeline C. Zilfi) ................................................................................ 201
South Asia (Zarina Bhatty) ...................................................................................................... 202
Sub-Saharan Africa: Swahili Societies (Kjersti Larsen) ............................................................ 204
Turkey and the Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) ................................................................................ 206
Gossip
Arab States (Ann Gardner) ...................................................................................................... 210
Iran, Afghanistan, and South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) ...................................................... 211
Honor
Iran and Afghanistan (Shahrzad Mojab) .................................................................................. 215
South Asia (Erin Patrice Moore) .............................................................................................. 216
Turkey and the Caucasus (Ayçe Parla) .................................................................................... 218
Honor: Crimes of
Overview (Lama Abu-Odeh) .................................................................................................. 221
Sub-Saharan Africa: Northern Nigeria (Allan Christelow) ...................................................... 222
Honor: Feminist Approaches to
Overview (Lama Abu-Odeh) .................................................................................................. 225
Hospitality
Central Asia (Nodira Khaitbaevna Azimova) .......................................................................... 228
The Gulf and Yemen (Anne Meneley) ...................................................................................... 229
Iran, Afghanistan, and South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) ...................................................... 231
North Africa (Paula Holmes-Eber) .......................................................................................... 233
Turkey and the Caucasus (Irina Babich) .................................................................................. 235
Household Division of Labor
Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) ........................................................................................ 237
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ............................................................................ 238
South Asia (Sajeda Amin) ........................................................................................................ 239
Southeast Asia (Theresa W. Devasahayam) .............................................................................. 242
Sub-Saharan Africa (Beth Anne Buggenhagen) ........................................................................ 245
Turkey and the Caucasus (Nilüfer A. ÷svan) ............................................................................ 247
Household Forms and Composition
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) ................................................................................................ 250
Central Asia (Colette Harris) .................................................................................................. 251
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ............................................................................ 252
The Ottoman Empire (Tomoki Okawara) .............................................................................. 254
South Asia (Indrani Chatterjee) .............................................................................................. 255
Sub-Saharan Africa (Scott M. Youngstedt) .............................................................................. 258
Turkey (Ferhunde Özbay) ........................................................................................................ 260
The United States (Mary Elaine Hegland) ................................................................................ 262
Human Rights
Overview (Lynn Welchman) .................................................................................................... 265
Arab Gulf and Yemen (Huda A. Seif) ...................................................................................... 269
Canada (Nadira Mustapha) .................................................................................................... 270
viii contents
Iran (Niaz Kasravi) .................................................................................................................. 272
Mashriq Arab States (Isis Nusair) ............................................................................................ 273
North Africa (Lilia Labidi) ...................................................................................................... 275
Sudan (Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban) .............................................................................................. 277
Sub-Saharan Africa (Christina Jones-Pauly) ............................................................................ 279
Turkey (Murat Çemrek) .......................................................................................................... 281
Identity Politics
Central Asia (Colette Harris) .................................................................................................. 283
Iran and Afghanistan (Fakhri Haghani) .................................................................................. 284
South Asia (Amrita Chhachhi) ................................................................................................ 286
Turkey (Katherine Pratt Ewing) .............................................................................................. 289
The United States (Katherine Bullock) .................................................................................... 291
Western Europe (Nadia Fadil) .................................................................................................. 293
Infanticide and Abandonment of Female Children
Overview (Nancy Gallagher) .................................................................................................. 296
Inheritance: Contemporary Practice
Arab States (Annelies Moors) .................................................................................................. 299
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ............................................................................ 302
South Asia (Tazeen Mahnaz Murshid) .................................................................................... 303
International Conventions
Overview (Adrien Katherine Wing) .......................................................................................... 306
International Organizations
Overview (Manzurul Mannan) ................................................................................................ 311
Jewish Women
Overview (Rachel Simon) ........................................................................................................ 315
Jihad
Arab States (Lori A. Allen) ...................................................................................................... 319
East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia (Muhamad Ali) ........................................................ 321
Iran and Afghanistan (Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut) ........................................................................ 325
South Asia (Michel Boivin) ...................................................................................................... 326
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Jean Boyd) .......................................................................... 327
Kinship, Descent Systems
Sahelian West Africa and North Central Africa (Chad/Sudan) (Mirjam de Bruijn) .................. 330
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Mina Elfira) .......................................... 331
Kinship, Descent Systems and State
Afghanistan (Senzil Nawid) .................................................................................................... 335
The Caucasus (Ingrid Pfluger-Schindlbeck) .............................................................................. 336
South Asia (Aparna Rao) ........................................................................................................ 338
Kinship, Idiomatic
Iran (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ...................................................................................................... 345
Kinship and State
Arab States (Diane E. King) .................................................................................................... 347
Ottoman (Kim Shively) ............................................................................................................ 349
Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Maila Stivens) ........................................ 351
Kinship: Milk
Overview (Avner Giladi) .......................................................................................................... 355
Kurdish Women
Overview (Shahrzad Mojab) .................................................................................................... 358
Law: Access to the Legal System
Afghanistan (Nasrine Gross) .................................................................................................. 367
Arab States (Anna Würth) ...................................................................................................... 367
contents ix
The Balkans (Jasna Bak“iƒMuftiƒ) .......................................................................................... 370
The Caucasus (Irina Babich) .................................................................................................... 372
Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) ........................................................................................ 373
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) .............................................................................................................. 374
The Ottoman Empire (Margaret L. Meriwether) ...................................................................... 375
South Asia (Shahida Lateef) .................................................................................................... 377
Southeast Asia (Noraida Endut) .............................................................................................. 378
Sub-Saharan Africa (Leslye Amede Obiora) ............................................................................ 381
Turkey (Pinar Ilkkaracan) ...................................................................................................... 383
Western Europe (Qudsia Mirza) .............................................................................................. 384
Law: Articulation of Islamic and non-Islamic Systems
Arab States (Christina Jones-Pauly) ........................................................................................ 387
The Caucasus and Turkey (Irina Babich) ................................................................................ 390
Iran (Irene Schneider) .............................................................................................................. 392
Southeast Asia (Mark Cammack) ............................................................................................ 393
Sub-Saharan Africa (Erin E. Stiles) .......................................................................................... 396
Law: Criminal
Overview (Lynn Welchman) .................................................................................................... 399
Afghanistan (Nasrine Gross) .................................................................................................. 402
Arab States (Sherifa Zuhur) .................................................................................................... 402
Bangladesh (Rubya Mehdi) ...................................................................................................... 405
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) .............................................................................................................. 406
Pakistan (Rubya Mehdi) .......................................................................................................... 407
Turkey (Cânân Arin) .............................................................................................................. 409
Law: Cultural Defense
Overview (Kathleen M. Moore) .............................................................................................. 411
Law: Customary
Afghanistan (Palwasha L. Kakar) ............................................................................................ 414
The Caucasus (Irina Babich) .................................................................................................... 415
Central Asia (Bill Bowring) .................................................................................................... 416
The Gulf and Yemen (Najwa Adra) ........................................................................................ 418
Indonesia (Ranto Lukito) ........................................................................................................ 419
Mashriq Beduins (William Lancaster and Felicity Lancaster) .................................................. 422
Sub-Saharan Africa (Erin E. Stiles) .......................................................................................... 424
Turkey (Pinar Ilkkaracan) ...................................................................................................... 426
Law: Enforcement
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Nadirsyah Hosen) .................................. 429
Iran and Afghanistan (Jale Ahmadi) ........................................................................................ 432
South Asia (Nausheen Ahmad) ................................................................................................ 433
Sub-Saharan Africa (Mechthild Nagel) .................................................................................... 436
Law: The Four SunnìSchools of Family Law
Overview (Liyakat Takim) ...................................................................................................... 440
Law: Other Schools of Family Law
Overview (Liyakat Takim) ...................................................................................................... 446
Law: Family Law, 7th–Late 18th centuries
Overview (Ingrid Mattson) ...................................................................................................... 450
Law: Modern Family Law, 1800–Present
Afghanistan (Helena Malikyar) ................................................................................................ 458
Arab States (Lama Abu-Odeh) ................................................................................................ 459
Egypt (Laura Bier) .................................................................................................................. 463
Gulf, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen (Susanne Dahlgren) ................................................................ 465
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) .............................................................................................................. 467
South Asia (Shahida Lateef) .................................................................................................... 469
Turkey (Dicle Kogacioglu) ...................................................................................................... 472
The United States (Muneer Fareed) .......................................................................................... 473