Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICAN HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICAN HISTORY Editor: Paul Tiyambe Zeleza Deputy Editor: Dickson Eyoh First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” # 2003 Routledge Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orother means,now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Encyclopedia of twentieth-century African history / edited by Paul Tiyambe Zeleza and Dickson Eyoh Includes bibliographical references and index 1. Africa–History–20th century–Encyclopedias. I. Zeleza, Tiyambe, 1955- II. Eyoh, Dickson, 1954- DT29 .E53 2003 960.3'1'03–dc21 2002031682 ISBN 0-203-98657-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–23479–4(Print Edition) Contents Editorial team vi How to use this encyclopedia xv List of contributors vii Thematic entry list xvi Introduction xi Entries A–Z 1 Acknowledgments xiv Index 627 v Editorial team General editor Valerie Hoffman Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA Paul TiyambeZeleza Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA EboeHutchful Wayne State University,USA Deputy editor BogumilJewswiecki Universite´ Laval,Canada DicksonEyoh Universityof Toronto,Canada Cheryl Johnson-Odim ColumbiaCollege Chicago, USA Associate editors Zine Magubane Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA KeletsoAtkins Universityof Minnesota,USA Wunyabari Maloba Universityof Delaware,USA BruceJ.Berman Queen’sUniversity, Canada Amina Mama Universityof Cape Town, South Africa Sara Berry Johns HopkinsUniversity, USA Mahmood Mamdani ColumbiaUniversity,USA Frederick Cooper NewYorkUniversity,USA Thandika Mkandawire United Nations Research Institute forSocial CatherineCoquery-Vidrovitch Development (UNRISD), Switzerland Universite´ ParisVII, France NkiruNzegwu MamadouDiouf Binghamton University,USA Universityof Michigan, USA AtienoOdhiambo Toyin Falola RiceUniversity, USA Universityof Texas at Austin, USA Fatima Sadiqi William Freund Universityof Fes,Morocco Universityof Natal, South Africa vi List of contributors Hamdi Abdulrahman ElabbasBenmamoun CairoUniversity, Egypt UniversityofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA AgbenyegaAdedze Redie Bereketeab Illinois StateUniversity,USA Uppsala University,Sweden OforiwaaAduonum Bruce J.Berman Illinois StateUniversity,USA Queen’sUniversity,Canada JosephineAhikire NemataBlyden Center forBasic ResearchandMakerere Uni- UniversityofTexasat Dallas,USA versity,Uganda EyambaBokamba UniversityofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Emmanuel Akyeampong Harvard University, USA Benn L.Bongang SavannahState University, USA Ousseina D.Alidou RutgersUniversity,USA Elias K. Bongmba Rice University,USA Mark D.Alleyne UniversityofIllinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA RichardA. Bradshaw Center College,Danville,Kentucky,USA JamesAmanze UniversityofBotswana, Botswana Sheila Bunwaree Council fortheDevelopmentof SocialScience Nicole D.Anderson Research inAfrica (CODESRIA),Senegal UniversityofIllinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA JamesBusumtwi-Sam Samuel Aryeetey-Attoh Simon Fraser University, Canada UniversityofToledo,USA JosephS. Caruso EricAseka Columbia University,USA Kenyatta University,Kenya Frederick Cooper Sosina Asfaw New YorkUniversity, USA UniversityofIllinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA CatherineCoquery-Vidrovitch LisaAubrey Universite´ Paris VII, France Ohio University,USA Jean-PhilippeDedieu LamissaBangali Ecole des Hautes EtudesenSciences Sociales, UniversityofIllinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA France vii List of contributors LaRay Denzer EltiganiAbdelgadirHamid Northwestern University,USA Graduate SchoolofIslamic andSocialSciences, USA T.J.Desch-Obi NewYorkUniversity,USA Nicole Hawkes Boston University,USA Jan-GeorgDeutsch CenterforModernOriental Studies,Germany SeanHawkins Universityof Toronto,USA MomarCoumba Diop CheikhAntaDiop University, Senegal Cheryl Hendricks Universityof Rochester,USA MamadouDiouf Universityof Michigan, USA FredHendricks RhodesUniversity, South Africa MatthewB.Dwyer ColumbiaUniversity, USA PabloIdahosa YorkUniversity,Canada RomanusEjiaga AmirH. Idris Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA Fordham University,USA M.A.El-Khawas Uwem E.Ite Universityof theDistrict ofColumbia, USA Lancaster University,UK MohaEnnaji Lynette Jackson Universityof Fes,Morocco Universityof Illinoisat Chicago, USA DicksonEyoh MichelleC.Johnson Universityof Toronto,Canada Bucknell University,USA Laura Fair PeterP.Jones Universityof Oregon,USA Universityof Illinoisat Chicago, USA Toyin Falola PeterKagwanja Universityof Texas at Austin, USA Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA SheilaFinnie EzekielKalipeni Vancouver, Canada Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA AntoniaFolarin-Schleicher AcksonM.Kanduza Universityof Wisconsinat Madison, USA Universityof Swaziland,Swaziland RichardA. Fredland Tabitha Kanogo Indiana University,USA Universityof California, Berkeley,USA John G.Galaty RihamMahrousKhafagy McGill University,Canada Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA OlakunleGeorge MartinKlein Universityof Oregon,USA Universityof Toronto,Canada BakaryGibba KwakuLarbi Korang Universityof Toronto,Canada Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA AzzedineHaddour Chima J.Korieh UniversityCollege London,UK Universityof Toronto,Canada viii List of contributors Bertin K.Kouadio Godwin Murunga UniversityofMissouri, USA Kenyatta University, Kenya Benjamin Nicholas Lawrence Abdul RaufuMustapha Stanford University,USA Oxford University,UK KafureekaLawyer Shadrack WanjalaNasong’o Center forBasic Research,Uganda UniversityofNairobi,Kenya BrentNever JanetMacGaffey Indiana University, USA Bucknell University,USA AbderrahmaneN’Ga¨ıde Zine Magubane Paris, France UniversityofIllinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA FallouNgom Wunyabari Maloba UniversityofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA UniversityofDelaware, USA Sada Niang TiyanjanaMaluwa UniversityofVictoria, Canada United Nations Commission forHuman Rights (UNCHR),Switzerland TandekaNkiwane Smith College,USA Mahmood Mamdani Columbia University,USA FrancisB. Nyamnjoh UniversityofBotswana, Botswana Guy Martin New YorkUniversity,USA NkiruNzegwu Binghamton University, USA RobertMaxon Cyril I.Obi West VirginiaUniversity, USA Nigerian Institute ofInternationalAffairs,Nigeria AlaminM. Mazrui Godson C.Obia Ohio State University,USA Eastern IllinoisUniversity,USA Gertrude Mianda AkinOgundiran YorkUniversity,Canada FloridaInternational University,USA JudithMitchell Philomina Okeke McGill University, Canada UniversityofAlberta, Canada ThandikaMkandawire Akura Okong’o United Nations ResearchInstitute forSocial Miami University,USA Development(UNRISD),Switzerland ModupeOlaogun Alois Mlambo YorkUniversity,Canada UniversityofZimbabwe,Zimbabwe AdebayoO.Olukoshi JamaMohamed Council fortheDevelopmentof SocialScience WakeForest University,USA Research inAfrica (CODESRIA),Senegal LupengaMphande JosephRansfordOppong Ohio State University,USA UniversityofNorth Texas,USA MustafaA. Mughazy William Y.Osei UniversityofIllinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA Algoma UniversityCollege,Canada ix
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