Encyclopedia of Toxicology PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Toxicology
E NCYCLOPEDIA OF TOXICOLOGY THIRD EDITION VOLUME 1 AeDEL This page intentionally left blank E NCYCLOPEDIA OF TOXICOLOGY THIRD EDITION EDITOR-IN-CHIEF PHILIP WEXLER US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA ASSOCIATE EDITORS MOHAMMAD ABDOLLAHI Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran ANN DE PEYSTER San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA SHAYNE C. GAD Gad Consulting Services, Cary, NC, USA HELMUT GREIM Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany STACEY HARPER Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA VIRGINIA C. MOSER US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA SIDHARTHA RAY Manchester University College of Pharmacy, Fort Wayne, IN, USA JOSE TARAZONA European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki, Finland TIMOTHY J. WIEGAND University of Rochester Medical Center and Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA VOLUME 1 Amsterdam(cid:129)Boston(cid:129)Heidelberg(cid:129)London(cid:129)NewYork(cid:129)Oxford Paris(cid:129)SanDiego(cid:129)SanFrancisco(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Sydney(cid:129)Tokyo AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY,UK 30CorporateDrive,Suite400,BurlingtonMA01803,USA 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA Firstedition1998 Secondedition2005 Thirdedition2014 Copyright(cid:1)2014Elsevier,Inc.unlessotherwisestated.Allrightsreserved. TheEditor-in-Chief’sworkonthethirdeditionoftheEncyclopediaofToxicologywasundertakenasaprivatecitizen,notasagovernment employee.NoofficialsupportorendorsementbytheUSNationalLibraryofMedicineoranyotheragencyoftheUSFederalGovernment wasprovidedorshouldbeinferred.Theviewsexpressedarestrictlyhisownandinnowayrepresentthoseofthegovernment. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic, mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsdepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830; fax(+44)(0)1865853333;email:[email protected] AlternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlinebyvisitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissionsandselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial. WebsitelinkscitedintheEncyclopediawereacceptedasaccuratewhenfirstsubmittedtothepublisher,however,thePublisherisunableto ensurethattheywillcontinuetoremainso. Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-386454-3 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Editorial:VickyDyer,ErinHill-Parks Production:JustinTaylor CONTENTS Foreword lxvii Preface ixix Preface to The Second Edition lxxiii Preface to The First Edition lxxv Editor-in-Chief lxxvii AssociateEditors lxxix List ofContributors lxxxiii How to Use The Encyclopedia cix Acknowledgments cxi Dedication cxiii VOLUME 1 A ABERRATIONS OFCHROMOSOMESsee Chromosome Aberrations Absorption 1 S ASaghir Academyof Toxicological Sciences 7 S SDevi andH MMehendale AcceptableDailyIntake (ADI) 8 J Chilakapati and HM Mehendale Accutane 10 S CGad andJ HFain Angiotensin Converting Enzyme(ACE) Inhibitors 14 HA Spiller Acenaphthene 17 S JKlein Acephate 20 S Karanth v vi Contents Acetaldehyde 22 T RVan Vleet and BK Philip Acetamide 24 G LKennedy Acetaminophen 26 K Shankar andH MMehendale Acetamiprid 30 D RWallace Acetic Acid 33 S DPravasi Acetone 36 M P Kalapos Acetonitrile 40 HRobles Acetophenone 43 NV Soucy Acetylaminofluorene 46 I Syed Acetylcholine 49 A Suryanarayanan ACETYLCHOLINSTERASE see Cholinesterase Inhibition Acetylene 51 S Mostafalouand H Bahadar AcetylsalicylicAcid 54 RGorodetsky Acids 56 A Saeid and KChojnacka Acifluorfen, Sodium Salt 59 Y RRodriguez Acrolein 63 D Pamies andE Vilanova Acrylamide 69 G Karimi and M Rashedinia ACRYLATES see Acrylic Acid; Ethyl Acrylate; MethylAcrylate AcrylicAcid 74 D Brown Acrylonitrile 76 WE Achanzarand RS Mangipudy Acute Health Exposure Guidelines 79 S BDuTeaux Contents vii ACUTE TOXICITY seeToxicity, Acute Adiponitrile 84 G LKennedy Advances in PhysiologicallyBased Modeling Coupled with In VitroeIn Vivo Extrapolation of ADMET: Assessing the Impactof GeneticVariability in Hepatic Transporters 87 S Ho, AS Darwich,M Jamei, andA RostamieHodjegan AdverseOutcomePathways: Development andUse in Toxicology 95 CWillett Aerosols 100 WE Achanzarand RS Mangipudy A-esterase 102 L GSultatos Aflatoxin 104 M ATirmenstein and RMangipudy AIR POLLUTION seePollution, Air in Encyclopedia ofToxicology Alachlor 107 M ATirmenstein and RMangipudy Alar 110 K D Chadwick andRS Mangipudy Albuterol 112 S E Gad Alchemy 116 P G Maxwell-Stuart Alcoholic Beveragesand Health Effects 120 K Shankar andH MMehendale ALCOHOLISM see AlcoholicBeverages andHealth Effects ALCOHOLSsee Alcoholic Beveragesand Health Effects; Allyl Alcohol;Benzyl Alcohol; Ethanol Aldicarb 123 V CMoser ALDOSTERONE seeCorticosteroids Aldrin 126 M Honeycuttand SShirley Algae 130 K D Hambright,RM Zamor, J D Easton, and BAllison Alkalies 142 V Lawana AlkylHalides 144 S Kulkarni ALLERGENICITY TESTING see Toxicity Testing, Sensitization Allyl Alcohol 146 S P Sawant, HS Parihar, andH MMehendale Allylamine 149 NV Soucy viii Contents Allyl Formate 152 S P Sawant and HM Mehendale Alpha Blockers 154 S MMiller andK L Cumpston Aluminosilicate Fibers 156 L DMaxim andM J Utell Aluminum 161 S CGad Aluminum Phosphide 164 M Abdollahiand OMehrpour AMANTIN, a- see Mushrooms, Cyclopeptide Amdro 167 J RBloomquist American Academy of Clinical Toxicology 170 L DBeilke American Association of Poison Control Centers 172 D Carr American Board ofToxicology 173 S SDevi andH MMehendale American Collegeof Medical Toxicology 174 P M Waxand T J Wiegand American Collegeof Toxicology 176 RCGuy ACGIH(cid:1)(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 178 D LDahlstrom and AB Bloomhuff American IndustrialHygieneAssociation 180 D Hicks Americium 182 I Malátová and VBe(cid:1)cková AmesTest 187 RCGuy Aminobiphenyl, 4- 189 HRobles Aminoglycosides 191 T G Towne Aminopyridine,4- (4-AP) 194 RCGupta Amiodarone 197 J MMarraffa Amitraz 200 V CMoser Amitrole 203 RSellamuthu Contents ix AMITROPTYLINEsee TricyclicAntidepressants Ammonia 206 RJ Parod Ammonium Nitrate 209 P S Rao AMOBARBITAL seeBarbiturates Amphetamines 212 E M Pallasch andM Wahl Amyl Nitrite 217 A Kubic andM Wahl Anabolic Steroids 220 S P Sawant, HS Parihar, andH MMehendale Analytical Toxicology 223 S CGad Ancient Warfare and Toxicology 226 A Mayor Androgens 230 P S Rao Anesthetics 234 F Liu,C Wang, andT A Patterson Aneuploidy 238 D A Eastmond ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYMEINHIBITORS see Angiotensin Converting Enzyme(ACE) Inhibitors Aniline 240 S CGad Animal Models 243 S CGad Animals,Poisonous and Venomous 246 T Dodd-Butera and MBroderick ANIMALTESTING ALTERNATIVESsee ToxicityTesting, Alternatives Animal Venoms inMedicine 252 ZTakacsand SNathan ANTAGONISM seeChemical Interactions Anthracene 260 P S Rao Anthrax 262 K Shankar andH MMehendale Anticholinergics 264 J P Gray andS D Ray Antidotes 267 S Shadnia and LS Nelson
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