Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture (Three Volume Set)

1576 Pages·2009·13.58 MB·English

by  H. James Birx

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Editorial Board
Editor
H. James Birx
Canisius College
State University of New York at Geneseo
Buffalo Museum of Science
Editorial Board
Stefan Artmann Debra M. Lucas
Friedrich Schiller University of Jena D’Youville College
Robert Bollt Gerald L. Mattingly
Honolulu, Hawai‘i Johnson Bible College
Stephen Brusatte Ralph Neuhaeuser
Columbia University Friedrich Schiller University of Jena
American Museum of Natural History
Donald R. Perry
Jill M. Church University of California, Los Angeles
D’Youville College
Hans Otto Seitschek
John K. Grandy Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Buffalo, New York
Stefan Lorenz Sorgner
John R. Grehan University of Erfurt
Buffalo Museum of Science
Victor J. Stenger
Helmut Hetznecker University of Colorado at Boulder
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich University of Hawai‘i at Manoa
Dustin B. Hummel Mark James Thompson
University of Aberdeen Perth, Western Australia
Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture
H. James Birx Editor
Canisius College State University of New York at Geneseo Buffalo Museum of Science
1 3
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Copyright © 2009 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of time : science, philosophy, theology, and culture / H. James Birx, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4129-4164-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Time—Encyclopedias. I. Birx, H. James.
BD638.E525 2009
115.03—dc22 2008030694
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Publisher: Rolf A. Janke
Assistant to the Publisher: Michele Thompson
Developmental Editor: Sanford Robinson
Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez
Production Editor: Kate Schroeder
Copy Editors: Kristin Bergstad, Colleen Brennan, Cate Huisman
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreaders: Kristin Bergstad, Kevin Gleason, Penelope Sippel
Indexer: David Luljak
Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya
Marketing Manager: Amberlyn Erzinger
Contents
Volume 1
List of Entries vii
Reader’s Guide xiii
About the Editor xxiii
Contributors xxv
Introduction xxix
Entries
A 1 D 261
B 67 E 357
C 123 F 507
Volume 2
List of Entries vii
Reader’s Guide xiii
Entries
G 555 L 751
H 619 M 801
I 697 N 899
J 723 O 941
K 735 P 955
Volume 3
List of Entries vii
Reader’s Guide xiii
Entries
Q 1071 V 1405
R 1081 W 1415
S 1123 X 1447
T 1215 Y 1449
U 1387 Z 1453
Index 1463
O man! Take heed!
What says deep midnight’s voice indeed?
“I slept my sleep—,
“From deepest dream I’ve woke, and plead:—
“The world is deep,
“And deeper than the day could read.
“Deep is its woe—,
“Joy—deeper still than grief can be:
“Woe says: Hence! Go!
“But joys all want eternity—,
“—Want deep, deep eternity!”
Friedrich Nietzsche
Thus Spake Zarathustra
The Drunken Song, Section 12
H. James Birx [Trans.]
List of Entries
Abelard, Peter Bede the Venerable, Saint Carroll, Lewis
Adam, Creation of Beowulf Cartan, Élie Joseph
Afterlife Bergson, Henri Catacombs
Aging Berkeley, George Catastrophism
Albertus Magnus Bible and Time Causality
Alexander, Samuel Big Bang Theory Chaco Canyon
Alexander the Great Big Crunch Theory Chambers, Robert
Alighieri, Dante Biodiversity. See Evolution, Change
Altamira Cave Organic Charlemagne
Amnesia Biotechnology. See Cybertaxonomy Chaucer, Geoffrey
Anaximander Birth Order Chauvet Cave
Anaximines Birthrates, Human Chemical Reactions
Angels Black Holes Chemistry
Anselm of Canterbury Boethius, Anicius Chicxulub Crater
Anthropic Principle Bohm, David Chomsky, Noam. See Language
Anthropology Bonaparte, Napoleon Christianity
Apocalypse Boscovich, Roger Joseph Chronology
Apollodorus of Athens Boucher de Perthes, Jacques Chronometry
Aquinas, Saint Thomas Bradbury, Ray Chronostratigraphy
Aquinas and Aristotle Bruno, Giordano Chronotopes
Aquinas and Augustine Bruno and Nicholas of Cusa Clarke, Arthur C.
Archaeology Buddhism, Mahayana Clock, Doomsday
Archaeopteryx Buddhism, Theravada Clocks, Atomic
Aristotle Buddhism, Zen Clocks, Biological
Aristotle and Plato Clocks, Mechanical
Armageddon Caesar, Gaius Julius Coelacanths
Asimov, Isaac Calendar, Astronomical Cognition
Astrolabes Calendar, Aztec Coins, Ancient
Atheism. See Nietzsche, Friedrich Calendar, Egyptian Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
Attila the Hun Calendar, Ethiopian Columbus, Christopher
Attosecond and Nanosecond Calendar, Gregorian Comets
Augustine of Hippo, Saint Calendar, Islamic Comte, Auguste
Aurora Borealis Calendar, Julian Condorcet, Marquis de. See
Avicenna Calendar, Mayan Enlightenment, Age of
Calendar, Roman Confucianism
Baer, Karl Ernst Ritter von Calendars, Asian Consciousness
Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich Calendars, Megalithic Copernicus, Nicolaus
Barth, Karl Calendars, Tribal Cosmogony
Baxter, Stephen Calvin, John Cosmological Arguments
Becoming and Being Campanella, Tommaso Cosmology, Cyclic
vii
viii List of Entries
Cosmology, Inflationary Duns Scotus, John Extinction and Evolution
Cosmos, Evolving. See Universe, Duration Extinctions, Mass
Evolving Durkheim, Émile
Creation, Myths of Dying and Death Farber, Marvin
Creationism Fatalism
Creativity Earth, Age of Father Time
Cretaceous Earth, Revolution of Fertility Cycle
Critical Period Hypothesis Earth, Rotation of Feuerbach, Ludwig
Critical Reflection and Time Easter Island. See Rapa Nui Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
Cronus (Kronos) (Easter Island) Film and Photography
Cryonics Ecclesiastes, Book of Finitude
Cryptozoology Eckhart, Meister Flashbacks
Cusanus. See Nicholas of Cusa Eclipses Flaubert, Gustave
(Cusanus) Ecology Foraminifers
Cybertaxonomy Economics Forces, Four Fundamental
Education and Time Fossil Fuels
Dalí, Salvador Egypt, Ancient Fossil Record
Daoism. See Taoism (Daoism) Einstein, Albert Fossils, Interpretations of
Darwin, Charles Einstein and Newton Fossils, Living
Darwin and Aristotle Eliade, Mircea Fossils and Artifacts
Darwin and Nietzsche Eliot, T. S. Frankenstein, Legend of
Dating Techniques Elixir of Life Frege, Gottlob
Decay, Organic Emergence. See Alexander, Samuel Freud, Sigmund. See
Decay, Radioactive Emotions Consciousness
Déjà Vu Empedocles Futurology
Deleuze, Gilles End-Time, Beliefs in
Demiurge Engels, Friedrich Galaxies, Formation of. See
Democracy Enlightenment, Age of Nebular Hypothesis
Demons. See Devils (Demons) Entropy Galilei, Galileo
Derrida, Jacques Epistemology Gamow, George
Descartes, René Equinoxes Gehlen, Arnold
Design, Intelligent Eriugena, Johannes Scotus Genesis, Book of
Destiny Erosion Genghis Khan
Determinism Eschatology Geological Column
Devils (Demons) Eternal Recurrence Geologic Timescale
Dialectics Eternity Geology
Diaries Ethics Gerontology
Diderot, Denis Event, First Gestation Period
Dilthey, Wilhelm Evidence of Human Evolution, Gibran, Kahlil
Dinosaurs Interpreting Ginkgo Trees
Diseases, Degenerative Evil and Time Glaciers
Divination Evolution, Chemical Globalization
DNA Evolution, Cosmic Global Warming
Dogen Zen Evolution, Cultural God, Sensorium of
Donne, John Evolution, Issues in God and Time
Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. Evolution, Organic God as Creator
Doyle, Arthur Conan Evolution, Social Gödel, Kurt
Dracula, Legend of Existentialism Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
Dreams Experiments, Thought Gospels
Dreamtime, Aboriginal Extinction Gosse, Philip Henry
List of Entries —ix
Grand Canyon Infinity Lyell, Charles
Gravity. See Relativity, General Information Lysenko, Trofim D.
Theory of Intuition
Great Time. See Maha-Kala Islam Mach, Ernst
(Great Time) Machiavelli, Niccolò
Greece, Ancient. See Presocratic Age Jainism Magdalenian Bone Calendars
Grim Reaper Janus Magna Carta
Guth, Alan. See Cosmology, Jaspers, Karl Maha-Kala (Great Time)
Inflationary Josephus, Flavius Malthus, Thomas
Joyce, James Mann, Thomas
Haeckel, Ernst Judaism Maritain, Jacques
Hammurabi, Codex of Marx, Karl
Harris, Marvin Kabbalah Materialism
Harrison, John Kafka, Franz Maturation
Hartshorne, Charles Kant, Immanuel Maximus the Confessor, Saint
Hawking, Stephen Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye Maxwell’s Demon
Healing Knezevic´, Bozidar McTaggart, John M. E.
Heartbeat Kronos. See Cronus (Kronos) Media and Time
Heat Death, Cosmic Kropotkin, Peter A. Medicine, History of
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm K-T Boundary Mellor, David Hugh
Friedrich Kuhn, Thomas S. Memory
Hegel and Kant Merleau-Ponty, Maurice
Heidegger, Martin La Brea Tar Pits Metamorphosis, Insect
Heraclitus Laetoli Footprints Metanarrative
Herder, Johann Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de Metaphysics
Gottfried von Language Meteors and Meteorites
Herodotus Language, Evolution of Methuselah
Hesiod Languages, Tree of Michelangelo Buonarroti
Hibernation Laplace, Marquis Pierre-Simon Migrations
Hinduism, Mimamsa-Vedanta de Milton, John
Hinduism, Nyaya-Vaisesika Lascaux Cave Moon, Age of
Hinduism, Samkhya-Yoga Last Judgment Moon, Phases of
Histories, Alternative Latitude Morality
History, End of Law More, Saint Thomas
Hitler, Adolf Leap Years Morgan, Lewis Henry
Homer Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von Mortality
Hominid-Pongid Split Lemaître, Georges Édouard Moses
Hourglass Lenin, Vladimir Ilich Multiverses
Humanism Leonardo da Vinci. See Fossils, Mummies
Hume, David Interpretations of Museums
Husserl, Edmund Libraries Music
Hutton, James Life, Origin of Mutations. See DNA
Huxley, Thomas Henry Life Cycle Mysticism
Light, Speed of Mythology
Ice Ages Logical Depth
Idealism Longevity Nabokov, Vladimir
Ides of March Longitude Na¯ga¯rjuna, Acharya
Immortality, Personal Lucretius Navajo
Incubation Luther, Martin Nebular Hypothesis
Industrial Revolution Lydgate, John Neogene