Table Of Content

1-3 Editorial Board Editor H. James Birx Canisius College State University of New York at Geneseo Buffalo Museum of Science Editorial Board Stefan Artmann Debra M. Lucas Friedrich Schiller University of Jena D’Youville College Robert Bollt Gerald L. Mattingly Honolulu, Hawai‘i Johnson Bible College Stephen Brusatte Ralph Neuhaeuser Columbia University Friedrich Schiller University of Jena American Museum of Natural History Donald R. Perry Jill M. Church University of California, Los Angeles D’Youville College Hans Otto Seitschek John K. Grandy Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Buffalo, New York Stefan Lorenz Sorgner John R. Grehan University of Erfurt Buffalo Museum of Science Victor J. Stenger Helmut Hetznecker University of Colorado at Boulder Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Dustin B. Hummel Mark James Thompson University of Aberdeen Perth, Western Australia Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture H. James Birx Editor Canisius College State University of New York at Geneseo Buffalo Museum of Science 1 3 - Copyright © 2009 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-Mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of time : science, philosophy, theology, and culture / H. James Birx, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-4164-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Time—Encyclopedias. I. Birx, H. James. BD638.E525 2009 115.03—dc22 2008030694 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Assistant to the Publisher: Michele Thompson Developmental Editor: Sanford Robinson Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Production Editor: Kate Schroeder Copy Editors: Kristin Bergstad, Colleen Brennan, Cate Huisman Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Kristin Bergstad, Kevin Gleason, Penelope Sippel Indexer: David Luljak Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya Marketing Manager: Amberlyn Erzinger Contents Volume 1 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xiii About the Editor xxiii Contributors xxv Introduction xxix Entries A 1 D 261 B 67 E 357 C 123 F 507 Volume 2 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xiii Entries G 555 L 751 H 619 M 801 I 697 N 899 J 723 O 941 K 735 P 955 Volume 3 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xiii Entries Q 1071 V 1405 R 1081 W 1415 S 1123 X 1447 T 1215 Y 1449 U 1387 Z 1453 Index 1463 O man! Take heed! What says deep midnight’s voice indeed? “I slept my sleep—, “From deepest dream I’ve woke, and plead:— “The world is deep, “And deeper than the day could read. “Deep is its woe—, “Joy—deeper still than grief can be: “Woe says: Hence! Go! “But joys all want eternity—, “—Want deep, deep eternity!” Friedrich Nietzsche Thus Spake Zarathustra The Drunken Song, Section 12 H. James Birx [Trans.] List of Entries Abelard, Peter Bede the Venerable, Saint Carroll, Lewis Adam, Creation of Beowulf Cartan, Élie Joseph Afterlife Bergson, Henri Catacombs Aging Berkeley, George Catastrophism Albertus Magnus Bible and Time Causality Alexander, Samuel Big Bang Theory Chaco Canyon Alexander the Great Big Crunch Theory Chambers, Robert Alighieri, Dante Biodiversity. See Evolution, Change Altamira Cave Organic Charlemagne Amnesia Biotechnology. See Cybertaxonomy Chaucer, Geoffrey Anaximander Birth Order Chauvet Cave Anaximines Birthrates, Human Chemical Reactions Angels Black Holes Chemistry Anselm of Canterbury Boethius, Anicius Chicxulub Crater Anthropic Principle Bohm, David Chomsky, Noam. See Language Anthropology Bonaparte, Napoleon Christianity Apocalypse Boscovich, Roger Joseph Chronology Apollodorus of Athens Boucher de Perthes, Jacques Chronometry Aquinas, Saint Thomas Bradbury, Ray Chronostratigraphy Aquinas and Aristotle Bruno, Giordano Chronotopes Aquinas and Augustine Bruno and Nicholas of Cusa Clarke, Arthur C. Archaeology Buddhism, Mahayana Clock, Doomsday Archaeopteryx Buddhism, Theravada Clocks, Atomic Aristotle Buddhism, Zen Clocks, Biological Aristotle and Plato Clocks, Mechanical Armageddon Caesar, Gaius Julius Coelacanths Asimov, Isaac Calendar, Astronomical Cognition Astrolabes Calendar, Aztec Coins, Ancient Atheism. See Nietzsche, Friedrich Calendar, Egyptian Coleridge, Samuel Taylor Attila the Hun Calendar, Ethiopian Columbus, Christopher Attosecond and Nanosecond Calendar, Gregorian Comets Augustine of Hippo, Saint Calendar, Islamic Comte, Auguste Aurora Borealis Calendar, Julian Condorcet, Marquis de. See Avicenna Calendar, Mayan Enlightenment, Age of Calendar, Roman Confucianism Baer, Karl Ernst Ritter von Calendars, Asian Consciousness Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich Calendars, Megalithic Copernicus, Nicolaus Barth, Karl Calendars, Tribal Cosmogony Baxter, Stephen Calvin, John Cosmological Arguments Becoming and Being Campanella, Tommaso Cosmology, Cyclic vii viii List of Entries Cosmology, Inflationary Duns Scotus, John Extinction and Evolution Cosmos, Evolving. See Universe, Duration Extinctions, Mass Evolving Durkheim, Émile Creation, Myths of Dying and Death Farber, Marvin Creationism Fatalism Creativity Earth, Age of Father Time Cretaceous Earth, Revolution of Fertility Cycle Critical Period Hypothesis Earth, Rotation of Feuerbach, Ludwig Critical Reflection and Time Easter Island. See Rapa Nui Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Cronus (Kronos) (Easter Island) Film and Photography Cryonics Ecclesiastes, Book of Finitude Cryptozoology Eckhart, Meister Flashbacks Cusanus. See Nicholas of Cusa Eclipses Flaubert, Gustave (Cusanus) Ecology Foraminifers Cybertaxonomy Economics Forces, Four Fundamental Education and Time Fossil Fuels Dalí, Salvador Egypt, Ancient Fossil Record Daoism. See Taoism (Daoism) Einstein, Albert Fossils, Interpretations of Darwin, Charles Einstein and Newton Fossils, Living Darwin and Aristotle Eliade, Mircea Fossils and Artifacts Darwin and Nietzsche Eliot, T. S. Frankenstein, Legend of Dating Techniques Elixir of Life Frege, Gottlob Decay, Organic Emergence. See Alexander, Samuel Freud, Sigmund. See Decay, Radioactive Emotions Consciousness Déjà Vu Empedocles Futurology Deleuze, Gilles End-Time, Beliefs in Demiurge Engels, Friedrich Galaxies, Formation of. See Democracy Enlightenment, Age of Nebular Hypothesis Demons. See Devils (Demons) Entropy Galilei, Galileo Derrida, Jacques Epistemology Gamow, George Descartes, René Equinoxes Gehlen, Arnold Design, Intelligent Eriugena, Johannes Scotus Genesis, Book of Destiny Erosion Genghis Khan Determinism Eschatology Geological Column Devils (Demons) Eternal Recurrence Geologic Timescale Dialectics Eternity Geology Diaries Ethics Gerontology Diderot, Denis Event, First Gestation Period Dilthey, Wilhelm Evidence of Human Evolution, Gibran, Kahlil Dinosaurs Interpreting Ginkgo Trees Diseases, Degenerative Evil and Time Glaciers Divination Evolution, Chemical Globalization DNA Evolution, Cosmic Global Warming Dogen Zen Evolution, Cultural God, Sensorium of Donne, John Evolution, Issues in God and Time Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. Evolution, Organic God as Creator Doyle, Arthur Conan Evolution, Social Gödel, Kurt Dracula, Legend of Existentialism Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Dreams Experiments, Thought Gospels Dreamtime, Aboriginal Extinction Gosse, Philip Henry List of Entries —ix Grand Canyon Infinity Lyell, Charles Gravity. See Relativity, General Information Lysenko, Trofim D. Theory of Intuition Great Time. See Maha-Kala Islam Mach, Ernst (Great Time) Machiavelli, Niccolò Greece, Ancient. See Presocratic Age Jainism Magdalenian Bone Calendars Grim Reaper Janus Magna Carta Guth, Alan. See Cosmology, Jaspers, Karl Maha-Kala (Great Time) Inflationary Josephus, Flavius Malthus, Thomas Joyce, James Mann, Thomas Haeckel, Ernst Judaism Maritain, Jacques Hammurabi, Codex of Marx, Karl Harris, Marvin Kabbalah Materialism Harrison, John Kafka, Franz Maturation Hartshorne, Charles Kant, Immanuel Maximus the Confessor, Saint Hawking, Stephen Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye Maxwell’s Demon Healing Knezevic´, Bozidar McTaggart, John M. E. Heartbeat Kronos. See Cronus (Kronos) Media and Time Heat Death, Cosmic Kropotkin, Peter A. Medicine, History of Hegel, Georg Wilhelm K-T Boundary Mellor, David Hugh Friedrich Kuhn, Thomas S. Memory Hegel and Kant Merleau-Ponty, Maurice Heidegger, Martin La Brea Tar Pits Metamorphosis, Insect Heraclitus Laetoli Footprints Metanarrative Herder, Johann Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de Metaphysics Gottfried von Language Meteors and Meteorites Herodotus Language, Evolution of Methuselah Hesiod Languages, Tree of Michelangelo Buonarroti Hibernation Laplace, Marquis Pierre-Simon Migrations Hinduism, Mimamsa-Vedanta de Milton, John Hinduism, Nyaya-Vaisesika Lascaux Cave Moon, Age of Hinduism, Samkhya-Yoga Last Judgment Moon, Phases of Histories, Alternative Latitude Morality History, End of Law More, Saint Thomas Hitler, Adolf Leap Years Morgan, Lewis Henry Homer Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von Mortality Hominid-Pongid Split Lemaître, Georges Édouard Moses Hourglass Lenin, Vladimir Ilich Multiverses Humanism Leonardo da Vinci. See Fossils, Mummies Hume, David Interpretations of Museums Husserl, Edmund Libraries Music Hutton, James Life, Origin of Mutations. See DNA Huxley, Thomas Henry Life Cycle Mysticism Light, Speed of Mythology Ice Ages Logical Depth Idealism Longevity Nabokov, Vladimir Ides of March Longitude Na¯ga¯rjuna, Acharya Immortality, Personal Lucretius Navajo Incubation Luther, Martin Nebular Hypothesis Industrial Revolution Lydgate, John Neogene