How to go to your page This eBook set contains four volumes. Each volume has its own page numbering scheme for front matter and contiguous numbering for all other content. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page xxv of Volume 1, type ‘1:xxv’ in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page xv of Volume 2, type ‘2:xv’ in the "page #" box… and so forth. Inside content has regular numbering. Please refer to eTOC. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE VIETNAM WAR Second Edition This page intentionally left blank THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE VIETNAM WAR A Political, Social, and Military History, Second Edition V O L U M E I : A – G Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Merle L. Pribbenow II Dr. James H. Willbanks, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army (retired) Dr. David T. Zabecki, Major General, Army of the United States (retired) Assistant Editors Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, E ngland Copyright 2011 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permis- sion in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : a political, social, and military history / Spencer C. Tucker, editor. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3 (hard back : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-85109-961-0 (e-book) 1. Vietnam War, 1961-1975—Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– DS557.7.E53 2011 959.704'3—dc22 2011007604 ISBN: 978-1-85109-960-3 EISBN: 978-1-85109-961-0 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To all those who fought in the Indochina and Vietnam Wars About the Editor Spencer C. Tucker, PhD, graduated from the Virginia Military Institute and was a Fulbright scholar in France. He was a U.S. Army captain and an intelligence analyst in the Pentagon during the Vietnam War and then taught for 30 years at Texas Christian University before returning to his alma mater for 6 years as the holder of the John Biggs Chair of Military History. He retired from teaching in 2003. He is now Senior Fellow of Military History at ABC-CLIO. Dr. Tucker has written or edited 38 books, including ABC-CLIO’s award-winning The Encyclopedia of the Cold War and The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict as well as the comprehensive A Global Chronology of Conflict. E A B M DITORIAL DVISORY OARD EMBERS Col. Walter J. Boyne Dr. Carol Reardon U.S. Air Force (Ret.) Professor of Military History Department of History Pennsylvania State University Dr. David Coffey Professor and Chair Department of History and Philosophy Dr. Priscilla Roberts University of Tennessee at Martin Professor of History, School of Humanities Honorary Director, Centre of American Studies University of Hong Kong Shawn Livingston, MLIS Director of Information Service University of Kentucky Libraries Capt. Carl O. Schuster U.S. Navy (Ret.) Adjunct Professor Dr. Michael R. Nichols Hawaii Pacific University Department of Social Sciences Tarrant County College Sandra Wittman Library Services Nguyen Cong Luan Oakton Community College Independent Scholar Cartographer Internal Mapping Associates ABC-CLIO M H ILITARY ISTORY A B M DVISORY OARD EMBERS Dr. David Coffey Dr. Carol Reardon Professor and Chair Professor of Military History Department of History and Philosophy Department of History University of Tennessee at Martin Pennsylvania State University Dr. Don Hickey Dr. Priscilla Roberts Professor of History Associate Professor of History, Department of History School of Humanities Wayne State College (Nebraska) Honorary Director, Centre of American Studies University of Hong Kong Dr. James Matray Professor and Chair Department of History Dr. James H. Willbanks California State University, Chico Director, Department of Military History U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth Dr. Jack McCallum Adjunct Professor Department of History and Geography Dr. Steven E. Woodworth Texas Christian University Professor of History Department of History Texas Christian University Dr. Justin D. Murphy Director, Academy of Freedom; Brand Professor of History Dr. David T. Zabecki Department of History, Political Science, Major General and Geography Army of the United States, Retired Howard Payne University Honory Senior Research Fellow in War Studies University of Birmingham, England Dr. Jim Piecuch Associate Professor of History Department of History Kennesaw State University