Encyclopedia of the U.S. Constitution

923 Pages·2009·10.439 MB·English

by  David Schultz

Encyclopedia of
the United States
Constitution
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Encyclopedia of
the United States
Constitution
(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)
V 1
OLUME
A–L
David Schultz
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For Helene
(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)
Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution
Copyright © 2009 David Schultz
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without
permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schultz, David A. (David Andrew), 1958–
Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution / David Schultz.—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-6763-3 (hc : alk. paper) 1. Constitutional law—United
States—Encyclopedias. I. Title.
KF4548.5.S38 2009
342.730203—dc22 2008023349
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions.
Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at [phone]
or [phone].
You can fi nd Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfi le.com
Text design by Annie O’Donnell
Cover design by Alicia Post
Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains
30 percent postconsumer recycled content.
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Contents
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LIST OF ENTRIES vi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
PREFACE xvi
ENTRIES A–Z 1
APPENDIXES 819
Declaration of Independence 821
Articles of Confederation 824
The Constitution of the United States of America 831
Bill of Rights 840
Other Amendments to the Constitution 842
U.S. Constitution Time Line 847
Locating Court Cases 856
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 858
INDEX 865
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List of Entries
(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)
Abington Township v. Article III of the U.S. BMW of North Amer- Buchanan v. Warley
Schempp Constitution ica, Inc. v. Gore Buck v. Bell
abortion Ashcroft v. ACLU Board of Education of Buckley v. American
abstention doctrine Ashwander v. Kiryas Joel Village Constitutional Law
accommodation Tennessee Valley School District v. Foundation
Adams, John Authority Grumet Buckley v. Valeo
Adarand Construc- Atkins v. Virginia Board of Educa- Burdick v. Takushi
tors, Inc. v. Peña attorney advertising tion Pottawatomie Burger, Warren E.
Adderley et al. v. Avery v. Midland County v. Earls Bush v. Gore
Florida County Board of Education Butchers’ Benevo-
Adkins v. Children’s bail v. Pico lent Association
Hospital Bailey v. Drexel Board of Regents v. of New Orleans v.
affi rmative action Furniture Company Roth Crescent City Live-
age and the Baker v. Carr Bob Jones University Stock Landing and
Constitution balanced budget v. United States Slaughter-House
airline passenger amendment Bolling v. Sharpe Co.
searches Barenblatt v. United book burning C & A Carbone, Inc.,
Alabama v. Shelton States Bork, Robert H. et al. v. Town of
Alden v. Maine Barron v. Mayor and Boumediene v. Bush Clarkstown, New
Alito, Samuel City Council of Bowers v. Hardwick York
Allen v. State Board Baltimore Bowsher v. Synar Calder v. Bull
of Elections Batson v. Kentucky Boy Scouts of Amer- Calhoun, John C.
Ambach v. Norwick Beard, Charles Austin ica v. Dale campaign fi nance
amending the Beauharnais v. Bradwell v. State of Camps Newfound/
Constitution Illinois Illinois Owatonna, Inc. v.
American Civil Liber- Betts v. Brady Brandeis brief Town of Harrison
ties Union bicameral legislature Brandenburg v. Ohio candidate fi ling fees
American Indians and Bickel, Alexander Branzburg v. Hayes capital punishment
the Constitution Mordecai Bray v. Alexandria Carter v. Carter Coal
appellate jurisdiction bill of attainder Women’s Health Company
Apprendi v. New Bill of Rights Clinic case and controversy
Jersey Bivens v. Six Brennan, William J., Jr. Chaplinsky v. New
Arizonans for Offi cial Unknown Named Breyer, Stephen G. Hampshire
English v. Arizona Agents of Federal Broadrick v. Chase Court
Article I of the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics Oklahoma checks and balances
Constitution Black, Hugo Brown v. Board child labor
Article II of the U.S. Blackstone, William of Education of child pornography
Constitution blogs and free speech Topeka Chimel v. California
vi
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List of Entries vii
Chisholm v. Georgia common law and the Declaration of Employment Division
Church of the Lukumi Constitution Independence v. Smith
Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Communications defamation Engel v. Vitale
City of Hialeah Decency Act Democracy and English Bill of Rights
citizenship and compelling govern- Distrust environmental
alienage mental interest desegregation regulation
City of Boerne v. Complete Auto Tran- DeShaney v. Win- equal protection
Flores sit, Inc. v. Brady nebago County Escobedo v. Illinois
City of Chicago v. confrontation clause Department of establishment clause
Morales Congress and foreign Social Services Everson v. Board of
City of Cuyahoga policy Dickerson v. United Education
Falls, Ohio, et al. v. Connecticut States Ewing v. California
Buckeye Commu- Compromise diplomatic immunity exclusionary rule
nity Hope Founda- Constitutional discrete and insular executive orders
tion, et al. Convention minorities Ex parte Grossman
City of Ladue v. constitutional disparate impact Ex parte McCardle
Gilleo interpretation District of Columbia Ex parte Milligan
City of Los Angeles Constitution in exile District of Columbia Ex parte Young
v. Alameda Books, contempt of Congress v. Heller ex post facto clause
Inc. contraceptives diversity jurisdiction fairness doctrine
City of Richmond contract clause Dolan v. City of fair trial–free press
v. J. A. Croson Cooley, Thomas Tigard Fay v. Noia
Company Cooley v. Board of dormant commerce Federal Baseball Club
civil liberties Wardens of the Port clause of Baltimore, Inc. v.
civil rights of Philadelphia double jeopardy National League of
Civil Rights Act of Cooper v. Aaron Douglas, William O. Professional Base-
1964 Coppage v. Kansas draft card burning ball Clubs
Civil Rights Cases Corfi eld v. Coryell Dred Scott v. Federal Communica-
civil service and the countermajoritarian- Sandford tions Commission v.
Pendleton Act ism due process Pacifi ca Foundation
Civil War and the County of Allegheny Duncan v. Louisiana Federal Election
Constitution, the v. ACLU economic protection- Commission v.
Clayton Antitrust Act Coyle v. Smith ism and the states Beaumont et al.
clear and present dan- Craig v. Boren education and the Federal Election
ger test cross burning Constitution Commission v. Col-
Clinton v. City of New cruel and unusual Edwards v. Aguillard orado Republican
York punishment Edwards v. California Federal Campaign
Clinton v. Jones Cruzan v. Director, Eighteenth Committee
Coe v. Town of Errol Missouri Depart- Amendment Federal Election Com-
Cohens v. Virginia ment of Health Eisenstadt v. Baird mission v. Wisconsin
Cohen v. California DaimlerChrysler v. electoral college Right to Life, Inc.
Coker v. Georgia Cuno Eleventh Amendment federalism
Colegrove v. Green Dames & Moore v. Ellsworth Court Federalist Papers
Collector v. Day Regan Embargo Act of 1807 Federal Maritime
commander in chief Dartmouth College v. eminent domain Commission v.
commerce clause Woodward employment South Carolina State
commercial speech deadly force discrimination Ports Authority
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viii Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution
Feiner v. New York Goldberg v. Kelly hate crimes intergovernmental tax
Ferguson v. Skrupa Goldwater v. Carter hate speech immunity
Field, Stephen J. Gomillion et al. v. Hawaii Housing intermediate level
Fifteenth Amendment Lightfoot, Mayor of Authority v. Midkiff scrutiny test
First Amendment Tuskegee, et al. Hazelwood School international law and
fl ag burning Gonzales, Attorney District v. the Constitution
amendment General v. Carhart Kuhlmeier International Society
Flast v. Cohen Gonzales v. Oregon Heart of Atlanta for Krishna Con-
Fletcher v. Peck Gonzales v. Raich Motel v. United sciousness v. Lee
Florida Prepaid Post- good faith exception States interstate commerce
secondary Educa- Good News Club v. high crimes and Interstate Commerce
tion Expense Board Milford Central misdemeanors Commission
v. College Savings School Hiibel v. Nevada Iroquois Indian
Bank and College Gramm-Rudman-Hol- Hodgson v. Minnesota League and the
Savings Bank v. lings Act Holmes, Oliver Constitution
Florida Prepaid Granholm v. Heald Wendell, Jr. Jacobellis v. Ohio
Postsecondary Gratz v. Bollinger Home Building and Jay, John
Education Expense Gravel v. United Loan Association v. J.E.B. v. Alabama
Board States Blaisdell Jefferson, Thomas
Florida v. J. L. Green v. County House of Johnson v. Trans-
footnote four School Board of Representatives portation Agency
foreign affairs and the New Kent County, housing and the of Santa Clara,
Constitution Virginia Constitution California
Foreign Intelligence Gregg v. Georgia H. P. Hood & Sons, judicial review
Surveillance Act of Gregory v. Ashcroft Inc. v. Du Mond Judiciary Act of 1789
1978 Griggs v. Duke Power Humphrey’s Executor jurisdiction, power
44 Liquormart v. Co. v. United States of Congress to
Rhode Island Griswold v. Hunt v. Cromartie control
Fourteenth Connecticut Hurley v. Irish- just compensation
Amendment Grutter v. Bollinger American Gay, justiciability
Fourth Amendment guarantee clause Lesbian & Bisexual Kansas-Nebraska Act
Franklin, Benjamin habeas corpus Group of Boston Katzenbach v.
freedom of religion Hague v. Commit- Hylton v. United States McClung
freedom of the press tee for Industrial Illinois v. Caballes Kelo v. City of New
Fuller Court Organizations Illinois v. Gates London
Fullilove v. Klutznick Haig v. Agee impeachment Kennedy, Anthony M.
fundamental rights Hamdi v. Rumsfeld imports, taxes on Kent, James
Furman v. Georgia Hamilton, Alexander impoundment Kimel v. Florida
Garcia v. San Antonio Hammer v. incorporation Board of Regents
Metropolitan Tran- Dagenhart injunction Korematsu v. United
sit Authority Hand, Learned In re Debs States
gay and lesbian rights Harlan, John In re Gault Kovacs v. Cooper
Gibbons v. Ogden Harlan, John Marshall In re Neagle Kyllo v. United States
Gideon v. Wainwright harmless error intelligent design labor unions
Gitlow v. People of Harris v. McRae intentional Laird v. Tatum
the State of New Harris v. New York discrimination Lamb’s Chapel v.
York Hatch Act of 1939 intent of the framers Center Moriches
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List of Entries ix
Union Free School McCleskey v. Kemp National Labor Rela- and Development
District McConnell v. FEC tions Board v. Jones Commission
Lawrence v. Texas McCreary County, and Laughlin Steel Palko v. State of
League of United Kentucky v. Ameri- Corp. Connecticut
Latin American can Civil Liberties National League of Panama Refi ning Co.
Citizens v. Perry Union Cities v. Usery v. Ryan
Lebron v. National McCulloch v. national security and parades
Railroad Passenger Maryland the Constitution parental notifi cation
Corporation Megan’s law natural law and abortion
Lee v. Weisman Metro Broadcasting, Near v. Minnesota Parker v. Brown
Legal Services Corpo- Inc. v. FCC Nebbia v. New York partisan
ration v. Velazquez Miami Herald v. Nebraska Press Asso- gerrymandering
legislative veto Tornillo ciation v. Stuart patents
Lemon v. Kurtzman military and the necessary and proper PATRIOT Act
letters of marque and Constitution clause Payne v. Tennessee
reprisal Miller-El v. Cockrell neutral principles Penn, William
liberty of contract Miller v. California New Jersey Plan Pennsylvania v.
Lincoln, Abraham Miller v. Johnson New Jersey v. T.L.O. Nelson
line-item veto Millikin v. Bradley New State Ice Co. v. Penry v. Lynaugh
living constitution Minnesota v. Liebmann people with
lobbying and the First Dickerson New York Times v. disabilities
Amendment Minor v. Happersett Sullivan peremptory challenges
Lochner v. New York Miranda v. Arizona Nineteenth Philadelphia v. New
Locke, John Mississippi Univer- Amendment Jersey
Locke v. Davey sity for Women v. Ninth Amendment Pierce v. Society of
Loretto v. Tele- Hogan Nixon, Richard the Sisters of the
prompter Manhat- Mississippi v. Johnson Nixon v. Shrink Mis- Holy Names of Jesus
tan CATV Corp. Missouri Compromise souri Government and Mary
Loving v. Virginia Missouri v. Holland PAC plain view doctrine
loyalty oaths Missouri v. Jenkins Northwest Ordinance Planned Parenthood
Lujan v. Defenders of Mistretta v. United nude dancing v. Casey
Wildlife States Nullifi cation Plessy v. Ferguson
Luther v. Borden Monell v. Department Controversy Plyler v. Doe
Lynch v. Donnelly of Social Services obscenity Poe v. Ullman
Madison, James Montesquieu and the O’Connor, Sandra Day police civil liability
Madsen v. Women’s Constitution Ogden v. Saunders police power
Health Center, Inc. Morse v. Frederick Olmstead v. United Pollock v. Farmers’
Magna Carta Mueller v. Allen States Loan and Trust
Mann Act Muller v. Oregon one person, one vote Company
Marbury v. Madison Munn v. Illinois original jurisdiction Posadas de Puerto
Marshall, John music censorship original package Rico v. Tourism
Marshall Court Muskrat v. United doctrine Company of Puerto
Marsh v. Alabama States overbreadth doctrine Rico
Martin v. Hunter’s Myers v. United Pacifi c Gas & Electric postal power
Lessee States Company v. State Powell, Lewis Frank-
Masson v. New Yorker National Endowment Energy Resources lin, Jr.
Magazine for the Arts v. Finley Conservation Powell v. McCormack
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