Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era [Two Volumes] [2 volumes]: Greenwood Milestones in African American History

933 Pages·2006·10.89 MB·English

by  Richard Zuczek

Encyclopedia of the
Reconstruction Era,
Volumes 1 & 2
Edited by
Richard Zuczek
Greenwood Press
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA
Greenwood Milestones in African American History
Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition
Edited by Peter Hinks and John McKivigan
Encyclopedia of the Great Black Migration
Edited by Steven A. Reich
Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
Edited by Junius P. Rodriguez
Encyclopedia of American Race Riots
Edited by Walter Rucker and James Nathaniel Upton
Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era
Edited by Richard Zuczek
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA
n
Volume 1: A–L
Edited by
Richard Zuczek
Foreword by
Eric Foner
Greenwood Milestones in African American History
GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport, Connecticut (cid:1) London
To Etsuko, Les, Paul, Rob, and Anne,
five amazing people with one thing in common—faith in me
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
EncyclopediaoftheReconstructionera:GreenwoodmilestonesinAfrican
Americanhistory/editedbyRichardZuczek;forewordbyEricFoner.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0–313–33073–5((set):alk.paper)—ISBN0–313–33074–3((vol.1):alk.
paper)—ISBN0–313–33075–1((vol.2):alk.paper)
1. Reconstruction(U.S.history,1865–1877)—Encyclopedias. I. Zuczek,
Richard,1966–
E668.E53 2006
973.803—dc22 2006010851
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Copyright#2006byRichardZuczek
Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe
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expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher.
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fromGreenwoodElectronicMedia.Formoreinformation,
visitwww.africanamericanexperience.com.
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2006010851
ISBN0–313–33073–5(set)
0–313–33074–3(vol.1)
0–313–33075–1(vol.2)
Firstpublishedin2006
GreenwoodPress,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881
AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc.
www.greenwood.com
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
List of Entries vii
List of Primary Documents xi
Guide to Related Topics xiii
Foreword by Eric Foner xxiii
Preface xxvii
Introduction xxxi
Chronology xlix
Map 1: Reconstruction Military Districts and Dates of Readmission
and Redemption lxi
Map 2: Slaves as a Percent of Total Population 1860 lxii
Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era 1
Primary Documents 731
Appendix 1: Commanding Generals of Military Districts, as per
the Military Reconstruction Act of March 2, 1867 829
Appendix 2: Reconstruction Governors for Former Confederate
States 831
Appendix 3: Dates of Readmission, Redemption, and Ratification
of Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments for Former
Confederate States 833
vi CONTENTS
Bibliography 835
Index 839
About the Editor and Contributors 861
LIST OF ENTRIES
Abolitionists Banks,NathanielP.(1816–1894) Bullock, Rufus B. (1834–1907)
Abolition of Slavery Belmont, August (1813–1890) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr. Bennett, James Gordon, Jr. and Abandoned Lands
(1835–1915) (1841–1918) Butler, Benjamin Franklin
Adams, Charles Francis, Sr. Bingham, John A. (1815–1900) (1818–1893)
(1807–1886) Black, Jeremiah Sullivan
African Americans (1810–1883) Cabinets, Executive
Agriculture Black Codes Cain, Richard Harvey
Aiken, D. Wyatt (1828–1887) Black Politicians (1825–1887)
Akerman, Amos Tappan Black Suffrage Canby, Edward Richard Sprigg
(1821–1880) Black Troops (U.S.C.T.) in the (1817–1873)
Alabama Occupied South Cardoza, Francis L. (1837–1903)
Alcorn,JamesLusk(1816–1894) Blaine, James G. (1830–1893) Carpetbaggers
AMA Blair,FrancisP.,Jr.(1821–1875) Chamberlain, Daniel Henry
Amendments, Constitutional, Blair,FrancisP.,Sr.(1791–1876) (1835–1907)
Proposed by Andrew Johnson Blair, Montgomery (1813–1883) Chandler, Zachariah
American Indians Bloody Shirt (1813–1879)
AmericanMissionaryAssociation Bourbons Chase, Salmon Portland
(AMA) Boutwell, George S. (1808–1873)
Ames, Adelbert (1835–1933) (1818–1905) Churches
Amnesty Proclamations Bristow, Benjamin (1832–1896) Cincinnati Convention (1872)
Annual Messages of the Brooks-Baxter War (Arkansas) Civil Rights
President Brown, Joseph Emerson Civil Rights Act of 1866
Arkansas (1821–1894) Civil Rights Act of 1875
Army Browning, Orville Hickman Clayton, Powell (1833–1914)
Ashley, James M. (1824–1896) (1806–1881) Colfax, Schuyler (1823–1885)
Assassination of Abraham Brownlow, William G. Command of the Army Act
Lincoln (1865) (‘‘Parson’’) (1805–1877) (1867)
Atkinson, Edward Bruce, Blanche Kelso Compromise of 1877
(1827–1905) (1841–1898) Confiscation Acts
viii LIST OFENTRIES
Congressional Reconstruction Fish, Hamilton (1808–1893) Jenkins, Charles J. (1807–1883)
Conkling, Roscoe (1829–1888) Florida Jim Crow Laws
Constitution Forrest, Nathan Bedford Johnson, Andrew (1808–1875)
Constitutional Conventions (1821–1877) Johnson, Andrew,
Contraband, Slaves as Fortieth Congress, Extra Session Impeachment of
Contracts of (1867) Johnson, Reverdy (1796–1876)
Cox, Jacob Dolson Fourteenth Amendment (1868) Joint Committee on
(1828–1900) Freedman’s Bank Reconstruction
Freedman’s Savings and Trust Joint Select Committee on the
Davis, David (1815–1886) Company Conduct of the War
Davis, Edmund J. (1827–1883) Freedmen’s Bureau Julian, George Washington
Davis, Jefferson Finis Freedmen’s Bureau Bills (1817–1899)
(1808–1889) Freedmen’s Relief Societies
Davis Bend, Mississippi Kellogg, William Pitt
Dawes, Henry Laurens Garfield, James Abram (1830–1918)
(1816–1903) (1831–1881) Kentucky
De Forest, John William Garrison, William Lloyd Kirk-Holden War (1869–1870)
(1826–1906) (1805–1879) KKK
Delany, Martin R. (1812–1885) Gary, Martin Witherspoon Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Democratic National (1831–1881)
Convention (1868) Georgia Labor Systems
Democratic Party Godkin, Edwin Lawrence Liberal Republicans
Disfranchisement (1831–1902) Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)
District of Columbia, Black Gordon, John B. (1832–1904) Lincoln, Abraham,
Suffrage in Gould, Jay (1836–1892) Assassination of
Doolittle, James R. Grant, Ulysses S. (1822–1885) Lindsay, Robert B.
(1815–1897) Greeley, Horace (1811–1872) (1824–1902)
Douglass, Frederick Grimes, James W. (1816–1872) Longstreet, James (1821–1904)
(c. 1818–1895) Gun Clubs Lost Cause
Dunn, Oscar James Louisiana
(c. 1821–1871) Hahn, Georg Michael Decker Loyal League
(1830–1886) Loyalty Oaths
Eaton, John (1829–1906) Hampton, Wade, III Lynch, James D. (1839–1872)
Edisto Island, South Carolina (1818–1902) Lynch, John R. (1847–1939)
Education Hancock, Winfield Scott
Elections of 1864 (1824–1886) Marvin, William (1808–1899)
Elections of 1866 Hayes, Rutherford Birchard Maryland
Elections of 1867 (1822–1893) McCardle, Ex parte (1868)
Elections of 1868 Holden, William Woods McCulloch, Hugh (1808–1895)
Elections of 1876 (1818–1892) Memphis Riot (1866)
Electoral Commission of 1877 House Judiciary Committee Military Governors
Elliott, Robert B. (1842–1884) Howard, Oliver Otis Military Reconstruction Acts
Emancipation (1830–1909) (1867–1868)
Enforcement Act (1875) Humphreys, Benjamin Grubb Militias
Enforcement Acts (1808–1882) Milligan, Ex parte (1866)
(1870, 1871) Hunnicutt, James W. Mississippi
Executive Cabinets (1814–1880) Moderate Republicans
Morrill, Justin Smith
Fessenden, William Pitt Impeachment Managers (1810–1898)
(1806–1869) Impeachment of Andrew Morton, Oliver P. (1823–1877)
Field Order No. 15 Johnson (1868) Moses, Franklin J., Jr.
Fifteenth Amendment (1870) Indians (1838–1906)
LIST OFENTRIES ix
Nast, Thomas (1840–1902) Republicans, Moderate Taxpayers’ Conventions
National Union Movement Republicans, Radical Tennessee
(1866) Revels, Hiram R. (1827–1901) Tenure of Office Act (1867)
National Union Party (1864) Reynolds,JosephJ.(1822–1899) Texas
New Departure Ross, Edmund G. Texas v. White (1869)
New Orleans Riot (1866) (1826–1907) Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
New South Thomas, Lorenzo
Nicholls, Francis Redding Tillou Saxton, Rufus (1824–1908) (1804–1875)
(1834–1912) Scalawags Throckmorton, James W.
North Carolina Scandals (1825–1894)
SCC Tilden, Samuel J. (1814–1886)
Orr, James L. (1822–1873) Schofield, John M. (1831–1906) Tourge´e, Albion Winegar
Schurz, Carl (1829–1906) (1838–1905)
Packard, Stephen B. Scott, Robert K. (1826–1900) Trowbridge, John T.
(1842–1922) Scott, Thomas (1823–1881) (1827–1916)
Panic of 1873 Seward,WilliamH.(1801–1872) Trumbull, Lyman (1813–1896)
Pardons Seymour, Horatio (1810–1886) Turner, In re (1867)
Parsons, Lewis E. (1817–1895) Sharecropping Tweed, William M.
Patronage Sharkey,WilliamL.(1798–1873) (1823–1878)
Patton, Robert M. (1809–1885) Sheridan, Philip H. (1831–1888) Twitchell, Marshall H.
Pendleton, George Hunt Sherman, John (1823–1900) (1840–1905)
(1825–1889) Sherman, William T.
Perry, Benjamin F. (1805–1886) (1820–1891) Union League of America
Phillips, Wendell (1811–1884) Shotgun Plan United States Colored Troops
Pierpont, Francis H. Sickles, Daniel E. (1819–1914) (U.S.C.T.)
(1814–1899) Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) United States v. Cruikshank
Pike, James Shepard Slavery, Abolition of (1876)
(1811–1882) Small, Robert U.S. Army and Reconstruction
Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Smalls, Robert (1839–1915) U.S. Constitution
Stewart (1837–1921) Smith, William H. (1826–1899)
Poll Tax South Carolina Vagrancy
Pope, John M. (1822–1892) Southern Claims Commission Violence
Port Royal Experiment (SCC) Virginia
Presidential Election of 1864 Southern Homestead Act
Presidential Election of 1868 (1866) Wade, Benjamin Franklin
Presidential Reconstruction Stalwarts (1800–1878)
Provisional Governors Stanbery, Henry (1803–1881) Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Stanton, Edwin M. (1814–1869) Warmoth, Henry Clay
Race Riots Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1842–1931)
Radical Republicans (1815–1902) Washington’s Birthday Speech
Railroads Stephens, Alexander H. (1866)
Rainey, Joseph Hayne (1824–1883) Welles, Gideon (1802–1878)
(1832–1887) Stevens, Thaddeus (1792–1868) Wells, James M. (1808–1899)
Rapier, James Thomas Stockdale, Thomas R. West Virginia
(1837–1883) (1828–1899) Whipper, William J.
Readmission Suffrage (1835–1907)
Recusants Sumner, Charles (1811–1874) White League
Redemption Supreme Court Wilson, Henry (1812–1875)
Red Shirts Surratt,Mary(Elizabeth)Eugenia Women’s Movement
Reed, Harrison (1813–1899) (1823–1865) Woodhull, Victoria C.
Reid, Whitelaw (1837–1912) Swing Around the Circle (1838–1927)
Republicans, Liberal (1866) Worth,Jonathan(1802–1869)