Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
Encyclopedia of the PeoPles of AfRICA AND THe MIDDle eAsT NO Jamie Stokes, Editor Anthony Gorman and Andrew Newman, Historical Consultants Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East Copyright © 2009 Infobase Publishing, Inc. Copyright © 2000 Diagram Visual Information Limited All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any infor- mation storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East / Jamie Stokes, editor; Anthony Gorman and Andrew Newman, historical consultants. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0 (e-book) 1. Ethnology—Africa—Encyclopedias. 2. Ethnology—Middle East—Encyclopedias. 3. Africa—Social life and customs—Encyclopedias. 4. Middle East—Social life and customs—Encyclopedias. I. Stokes, Jamie. GN645.E53 2008 305.800956—dc22 2008041256 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Mary Susan Ryan-Flynn Illustrations by Michal Novak with additional illustrations by Chris Allcott, Darren Bennett, Bob Garwood, Elsa Godfrey, Brian Hewson, Pavel Kostal, Kyri Kyriacou, Janos Marffy, Kathy McDougall, Patrick Mulrey, Rob Shone, Graham Rosewarne, Peter Ross Cover design by Salvatore Luongo Printed in the United States of America VB JS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content. CoNTeNTs 7 List of Entries iv List of Illustrations and Maps viii Preface xii How to Use This Set xiv Acknowledgments and Contributors xvi Entries A to Z 1 Appendix I: List of Individuals Featured in Biographical Sidebars 763 Appendix II: The Geography of Africa 764 Appendix III: The Geography of the Middle East 768 Appendix IV: The Earliest Humans 770 Appendix V: Chronology of African and Middle Eastern Prehistory and History 776 Appendix VI: Glossary of Cultural Terms 799 Bibliography 821 lIsT of eNTRIes 7 Ababda Amarar Azeris Barma Abadja Amba Babylonians Basese Abam Americo-Liberians Bactrians Basotho: nationality Abarue Amhara Badiu Bassa Abbe Amorites Bafia Bassi Abgal Anakaza Bafou Baulé Abidji Anang Baggara Baya Abkhazians Angolans: nationality Bagirmi Bedouin Abora Anglophones of Baham Beja Abu Sharib Cameroon Bahrainis: nationality Bemba Achaemenids Anizah Baka Bemdzabuko Acholi Ankwe Bakele Beng Adjukru Anlo Bakhtiari Beni Amer Afar Anniya Bakota Beninese: nationality Afrikaners Antaifasy Bakoukouya Berbers Afshar Antaimoro Balanta Beri Aka Antaisaka Bale Berta Akan Antambahoaka Balochs Berti Akebou Antandroy Bambara Bete Akie Antankarana Bamileke Betsileo Akkadians Antanosy Bamum Betsimisiraka Akoko Anuak Banda Bezanozano Akpafu Anyi Bandi Biafada Akunakuna Apindji Bandia Bidanis Akwa Aq-qoyunlu Bani Harith Bideyat Akwamu Arabs Bani Hilal Bidoons Akwapim Aramaeans Bani Kaab Bini Akyem Argobba Bani Khalid Birifor Alaba Arma Bani Lam Bisharin Alagoa Armenians Bani Nadir Bithynians Al Ajman Aro Bani Najjar Bobo Alataway Arusha Bani Nawfal Boers Alawis Arusi Bani Qaynuqa Bokora Al Bu Muhammad Asante Bani Qurayza Bondei Al Bu Said Asians of Africa Bani Saad Bongo Aleta Assassins Bani Sakhr Borana Al Falasi Assin Bani Tamim Botswanans: nationality Algerians: nationality Assyrians Bani Yas Brahui Al Khalifa Athi Banjoun British Ali Attie Bansoa Brong Alladian Attuot Bantu Bubis Al Murrah Avikam Banu Asad Buduma Al Sabah Awi Bapounou Burkinabe: nationality Al Shihab Aws Bara Burundians: nationality Al Thani Aymaq Barabaig Buyids Alur Azande Bararetta Cameroonians: nationality Amalekites Azd Bariba Canaanites iv List of Entries Cape Colored and Cape Egyptians: nationality Guineans: nationality Itu Malays Ejagham Gula Ivoirians: nationality Cape Verdeans: nationality Eket Gulay Jaaliyin Cappadocians Elamites Gule Jabarti Carians Emafikamuva Guro Jahanka Caucasians Emakhandzambili Gusii Jews Central Africans: nationality Embu Habbania Jibana Chadians: nationality Emirates: nationality Habiru Jie Chagatai Endo Hadendowa Jordanians: nationality Chagga Ennedi Hadza Juhayna Chai Equatorial Guineans: Hamshenis Kaba Chaldeans nationality Harari Kabards Chewa Eritreans: nationality Harb Kabre Chokossi Esangui Hashemites Kaguru Chokwe Ethiopians: nationality Hattians Kaje Chonyi Ewe Hausa Kakwa Cilicians Falasha Hawiye Kalanga Circassians Fali Haya Kalenjin Comorians: nationality Fang Hazaras Kamadja Congolese (Democratic Fante Hehe Kambari Republic of the Congo): Fernandinos Herero Kambe nationality Fipa Hittites Kami Congolese (Republic of the Fon Hlubi Kanembu Congo): nationality Foto Hottentots Kanuri Copts Fra-Fra Howeitat Kaonde Creoles French Humr Kaplelach Cushites Fulani Hurrians Karachay Daghestanis Fumu Hurutshe Karamojong Dagomba Funj Hutiam Kassites Daju Fur Hutu and Tutsi Katab Dan Furiiru Huwayla Kauma Darod Gabonese: nationality Iambi Keiyo Daza Galatians Ibeno Kenyans: nationality Dazaga Galoa Ibibio Kgafela-Kgatla De Gambians: nationality Ibolo Kgalagadi Dendi Gamu Idoma Kgatla Denkyira Ganda Ife Khafaja Dida Garati Igala Khamseh Digil Garo Igbo Khasonka Digiri Gbagyi Ijebu Khazars Digo Gbari Ila Khazraj Dindje Gcaleka Ilkhans Khoikhoi Dinka Georgians Ilois of Diego Garcia Khoisan Dir Germans Imazighen Khurutshe Djiboutians: nationality Ghanaians: nationality Indian South Africans Khwarzamians Dodoth Ghilzai Indo-Europeans Kikuyu Dogon Gilaki Ingush Kilanga Dorobo Gimr Iqbailiyen Kipchornwonek Druze Giriama Iramba Kipsigis Dulaym Gobirwa Iranians: nationality Kirdi Duruma Gofa Iraqis: nationality Kissi Duwasir Gogo Iraqw Kitutu Dyula Gova Irifiyen Kola East African Asians Grebo Irigwe Kololo Ebira Greeks Ismailis Komono Eblaites Griqua Israelis: nationality Kongo Ebrié Grusi Issa Konkomba Edo Guere Issaq Kono Efik Guinea-Bissauans: Italians Konso Egyptians nationality Iteso Koranko i Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East Korekore Lycians Mbaka-Mandija Ngambay Kotoko Lydians Mbala Ngichoro Kpelle Ma Mbay Ngimonia Kran Padebu Maale Mbeere Ngizm Kru Maasai Mbochi Ngonde Kuba Maba Mbole Ngoni Kuhgalu Maban Mbugwe Ngqika Kulango Macedonians Mbun Nguni Kung Macha Mbundu Nguru Kurds Machinga Mbunga Nigerians: nationality Kuri Madagascan Peoples Mbuti, Twa, and Mbenga Nigeriens Kuria Madi Medes Nikki Kushans Madjigodjia Meidob Nilotes Kusu Madjingaye Mende Nogais Kutu Maganga Merina Nono Kuwaitis: nationality Mahafaly Meru North Mugirango Kwena Mahi Messiriya Nsenga Kwere Maibuloa Metoko Ntomba Kwi Maji Mfengu Ntumu Labwor Majoge Mijikenda Nuba Lagoon cluster Makonde Mikhifore Nubians Laks Makua-Lomwe Mileri Nuer Lala Malagasy: nationality Mima Nupe Lali Malawians Mimi Nuristanis Lamba Malians Mina Nyakyusa Lango Maligo Minianka Nyamwezi Laz Mamprusi Mirifab Nyankore Lebanese: nationality Mamvu Mobeur Nyaribari Lebu Manala Mole-Dagbane Nyoro Lega Manasir Mongo Nzima Lehabites Mandé Mongols Oghuz Lele Mandija Moor Ogoni Lengola Manding Moroccans: nationality Okak Lete Manga Mossi Okiek Lezgins Mangbetu Mouroum Omanis: nationality Lia Mangutu Mozambicans Omotic Liberians: nationality Manhica Mpondo Omotik Libyans: nationality Manicheans Mpongwe Oring Lima Manigiri Mumuye Oromo Limba Manja Muntafiq Oron Lisi Manjaco Murle Ossetians Lobedu Mannaens Mutayr Otman Lobi Mao Mwere Ottomans Lokko Marakwet Mysians Ouagadougou Loma Marari Nabataeans Ouassoulounke Lomwe Maravi Nagot Ouatchi Loumbou Maronites Nama Ovahimba Lozi Marsh Arabs Namchi Ovambo Luba Marya Namibians: nationality Ovimbundu Lugbara Masalit Namnam Oyo Luguru Massa Nandi Padhola Lullubi Matakam Nanerge Palestinians Lunda Matheniko Nar Paphlagonians Luo Matumbi Ndau Pare Lurs Mavia Ndebele Parsis Luwians Mauritanians: nationality Ndembu Parthians Luyana Mauritians Ndundza Pashtuns Luyia Mayombe Ndwande Pedi Lwena Mazandarani Nestorians Pende Lwo Mbaka Ngama Persians List of Entries ii Phoenicians Sar Susu Twi Phrygians Sara Swahili Uduk Pian Saracens Swazi Ugandans: Pogoro Sasala Syrians nationality Pokomo Sassanians Taita Unga Pokot Saud Tajiks Upila Pombo Saudi Arabians: Takadi Urartians Pontians nationality Talensi Urhobo Portuguese Sea Peoples Talysh Uzbeks Psidians Sebei Tama Vai Pygmies Sefwi Tambo Venda Qajars Seleka Tanala Vhalemba Qara-khanids Seljuks Tanzanians: nationality Vhangona Qara-qoyunlu Semites Taqali Vhasenzi Qashqai Sena Tayy Vhatavhatsindi Qataris: nationality Senegalese Tebu Vidunda Qays Senufo Teda Vili Qimant Serer Teke Vute Qizilbash Seychellois: nationality Tekna Waja Quraysh Shambaa Temba Wajunga Rabai Shambala Temne Wala Rabiah Shammar Tera Walega Randili Shangawa Terik Wanjare Rangi Sherbro Tetela Wara-Wara Rapulana Shikongo Thembu Wassa Rashid Shilluk Thlaping Watyi Ratlou Shirazi Thunayyan Welamo Reigzegat Shona Tigre Widekum Rendille Shope Tikar Wodaabe Reshawa Sia Tirma Wollo Ribe Sidonians Tiv Wolof Rolong Sierra Leoneans: Tjekker Xesibe Roma nationality Togolese: nationality Xhosa Romans Sihanaka Toka Yakurr Ronga Siku Tonga Yalunka Rongo Sinyar Toposa Yamarico Rozvi Sisi Toro Yao Rufiji Soga Trojans Yarse Rukuba Sogdians Tshidi Yatenga Ruwallah Solongo Tsimihety Yazidis Rwandans: nationality Somalis: nationality Tsonga Yemenis: nationality Sabaeans Somba Tswana Yergan Sabaot Songhay Tuareg Yombe Sadama Songye Tugen Yoruba Safwa Soninke Tukolor Zaghawa Sagara Sotho Tulama Zambians: nationality Saharawis Sotho-Tswana complex Tumbuka Zaramo Saho South Africans: Tunisians Zaydis Sakalava nationality Tunjur Zerma Sakas South Mugirango Tupur Zemarites Sakon Sudanese: nationality Turka Zezuru Samburu Sudanis Turkana Zigalu Samo Sudayr Turkic Peoples Zimbabweans: San Suku Turks nationality Sandawe Sukuma Turo Zombo Sango Sumerians Turu Zulu São Tomeans: nationality Suri Twelvers lIsT of IllusTRATIoNs, AND MAPs 7 ILLUSTRATIONS A Chokwe ceremonial mask. ........................ 149 The tomb of Cyrus the Great (r. 559–529 b.c.e.) ......... 3 19th-century Circassians wearing traditional dress. ..... 157 Algerian troops during World War I .................. 20 A Hemba sculpture ................................ 163 Amhara traders preparing salt for sale ................. 24 A seventh- or eighth-century Coptic panel. ........... 170 An Anyi sculpture .................................. 31 19th-century Daghestanis wearing traditional dress. .... 173 The interior of the Great Mosque in Cordoba, Spain .... 33 A traditional Dinka dry-season home. ................ 174 The Grand Mosque in Damascus, Syria. ............... 38 A traditional Dinka clay pot. ........................ 176 An example of decorative Islamic calligraphy. .......... 40 A Dogon ceremonial mask. ......................... 180 An Egyptian oud ................................... 42 A typical Dogon village. ............................ 181 The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem .................. 45 A Dogon sculpture ................................ 182 The mausoleum of the caliph al-Muntasir (r. 861–862). .. 48 A Hindu temple in Mombasa. ....................... 187 An Assyrian winged-bull figure. ...................... 71 An Edo drinking vessel. ............................ 188 An Azande sculpture. ............................... 77 The body of Ramesses III (r. 1186–1155 b.c.e.). ........ 194 Sattar Khan (1868–1914). ........................... 80 Stone lintels and pillars at the Luxor Temple complex. .. 197 The Ziggurat of Ur in the 21st century b.c.e. ........... 86 Inscriptions on the Merneptah Stele. ................. 198 A Bambara musician. ............................... 94 The Mausoleum of Sultan Qaitbay in Cairo, Egypt. ..... 202 A wooden sculpture created by a Bambara artist. ....... 96 Tablet depicting the destruction of the city of Susa. ..... 206 A Bamileke sculpture.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 An Elamite vessel (ca. 3000 b.c.e.). .................. 207 A Bedouin woman. ................................ 106 The Burj Dubai. .................................. 209 A 19th-century Beja warrior. ........................ 107 The Shida Monument in Asmara, Eritrea. ............. 213 A 16th-century bronze head from Benin. ............. 111 The Church of Saint George in Lalibela, Ethiopia. ...... 220 A Beninese sculpture. .............................. 112 A Falasha woman constructing a clay pot. ............ 224 A Berber woman. ................................. 113 A Fang sculpture. ................................. 226 A traditional Betsimisiraka house. ................... 121 A Fon bronze sculpture of a farmer. .................. 229 The National Assembly building in Botswana. ......... 124 A Fulani woman wearing hair and ear decoration. ..... 230 A traditional Burkinese mosque. .................... 128 Fulani cattle. ..................................... 233 A Bangwa sculpture of a mother and child. ........... 134 A modern Ghilzai man ............................ 248 viii List of Illustrations and Maps ix Detail of the Alexander Sarcophagus. ................ 252 A Masai woman wearing traditional beaded jewelry. .... 428 A coin featuring Ptolemy I Soter (ca. 367–283 b.c.e.). .. 256 A traditional Malagasy sculpture. .................... 431 Ruins of Greek stoa (covered walkways) at Smyrna. .... 258 The Great Mosque in Niono, Mali. ................... 441 A 15th-century Sapi stone sculpture. ................. 272 A 15th-century sculpture from central Mali. .......... 442 A traditional Guro mask ........................... 274 A Manding sword and sheath.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 King Faysal of Iraq (1883–1933). .................... 279 A Mende woman with an elaborate hairstyle. .......... 458 A decorated Hausa house. .......................... 283 The traditional script used to write the Mende language. 460 A reconstruction of the fortifications surrounding the An Ndengese sculpture. ............................ 463 Hittite city of Hattusa. ........................... 296 Kublai Khan (1215–1294). .......................... 465 An aristocratic Tustsi woman. ....................... 299 The gravestone of a king of the Marinid Dynasty Igbo ceremonial dancers. ........................... 302 of Morocco ..................................... 472 A bronze Igbo bowl. ............................... 303 The Kutubiya Mosque in Marrakech, Morocco ........ 473 Iranian women taking part in demonstrations. ........ 311 A Mossi woman with a decorative hairstyle. ........... 477 An 19th-century Iranian woman wearing a chador. ..... 314 A Mozambican woman. ............................ 479 Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (1902–1989). ............. 315 An Ndebele woman wearing beaded hoops. ........... 487 A modern Iranian woman wearing a chador. .......... 316 An Ndebele house decorated with geometric designs. ... 489 A group of Iraqi village elders (mokhtars). ............ 317 A head produced by an artist of the Nok culture.. . . . . . . 491 The Martyrs’ Monument in Baghdad, Iraq. ............ 318 A 15th-century Owo sculpture.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 The minaret of the Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq. ..... 321 A fourth-century human figure from Nigeria. ......... 494 Detail of the Arch of Titus. ......................... 342 A Muslim Nigerian man. ........................... 495 The Hurva Synagogue. ............................. 347 Salt pits near the oasis town of Bilma in Niger. ........ 498 A Jewish man wearing a tefillin. ..................... 350 A Nubian bowl featuring dramatic geometric patterning. 502 A Jewish man at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. ....... 352 A statue of a Nubian king from the eighth century b.c.e. 502 King Husayn of Jordan (1935–1999). ................. 354 A traditional Nyamwezi house. ...................... 506 A young male Karamojong. ......................... 363 An Ogoni mask in the form of a bush pig. ............ 510 Ariaal pastoral nomads. ............................ 365 The Riyam Dome in the city of Muscat, Oman. ........ 513 Khoisan rock art figures. ........................... 371 An Oromo woman using a goatskin to carry water. ..... 516 A Kuba mask. .................................... 378 The tomb of an Oromo holy man. ................... 518 A modern statue of Saladin in Damascus, Syria. ....... 387 Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. .................... 527 The citadel of the city of Erbil, Iraq. .................. 389 Detail of a fifth-century b.c.e. Persian relief. .......... 559 A Kurdish village in northern Iraq. .................. 395 A relief of King Darius I. ........................... 560 The Kuwait Towers. ............................... 397 The Aspire Tower in Doha, Qatar. ................... 581 A Lega ceremonial mask. ........................... 406 The facade of the Celsus Library in Epesus, Turkey ..... 589 The Temple of Zeus, Cyrene, Libya. .................. 412 An armed Rwandan woman. ........................ 594 A Lobi sculpture. .................................. 415 A painted plaster figure from 12th-century c.e. Iran. ... 618 A Luba sculpture of a woman. ....................... 418 The 11th-century Kharraqan towers. ................. 619 A modern Luba chief holding his staff of office. ....... 419 Senegalese troops during World War I. ............... 625 A Masai man with braided hair and traditional jewelry. . 428 The palace of the Shilluk king. ...................... 631
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