Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene (5 vols.) PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene (5 vols.)
E NCYCLOPEDIA OF THE ANTHROPOCENE This page intentionally left blank E NCYCLOPEDIA OF THE ANTHROPOCENE EDITORS IN CHIEF DOMINICK A. DELLASALA Geos Institute, Ashland, Oregon, United States MICHAEL I. GOLDSTEIN Surfbird Consulting, Juneau, Alaska, United States VOLUME 1 GEOLOGIC HISTORY AND ENERGY SCOTT ELIAS University of Colorado, Boulder, United States Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB 225WymanStreet,WalthamMA02451 Copyright©2018ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhow toseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchasthe CopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenoted herein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesin researchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmayalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods, compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthe safetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/or damagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-128-09665-9 Forinformationonallpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com PrintedandboundintheUnitedStates Publisher:OliverWalter AcquisitionEditor:RuthIreland ContentProjectManager:SeanSimms AssociateContentProjectManager:JoanneWilliams Designer:MatthewLimbert ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEDICATIONS The Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene is dedicated to all those fighting for a healthy planet for this and future generations with the intent of creating a world where the planet’s life support systems are sustainable. WededicatethistothefirsthumanswhoemergedoutofAfrica,whoeventuallyusedtoolstobegintransform- ingtheirenvironmentthatultimatelyledtothebrillianceofthehumancortexthatnowhasthecapacitytosolve globalproblemswhenthewillingnesstochangeisfullyembraced.Wealsodedicatethistothenextcohort:Iara, Lais,Janelle,Andrew,Jacob,Ella,Ariela,Benjamin,Surin,Bela,andco. DominickDellaSala MikeGoldstein ScottElias BruceJennings TomLacher PierreMineau SanjayPyare v This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1: GEOLOGIC HISTORY AND ENERGY ListofContributors xi ContentsofallVolumes xiii EditorBiographies xxv Introduction xxix TheAnthropocene:HowtheGreatAccelerationIsTransformingthePlanetatUnprecedentedLevels 1 DADellaSala,MIGoldstein,SAElias,BJennings,TELacherJr.,PMineau,andSPyare BasisforEstablishmentofGeologicEras,Periods,andEpochs 9 SAElias Findinga“GoldenSpike”toMarktheAnthropocene 19 SAElias ArgumentsforaformalGlobalBoundaryStratotypeSectionandPointfortheAnthropocene 29 JZalasiewiczandCNWaters TheGeomorphologyoftheHumanAge 35 PTarolli,GSofia,andWenfangCAO The1950sastheBeginningoftheAnthropocene 45 CLudwigandWSteffen SedimentsoftheAnthropocene 57 AGałuszkaandZMMigaszewski HistoricalOverviewoftheNaturalGasIndustry 63 CJCastaneda Concrete:TheMostAbundantNovelRockTypeoftheAnthropocene 75 CNWatersandJZalasiewicz HydrologyintheAnthropocene 87 PBridgewater,EGuarino,andRMThompson FluxesofTraceMetalsonaGlobalScale 93 RJThorne,JMPacyna,KSundseth,andEGPacyna ImpactsofAnthropoceneFossilFuelCombustiononAtmosphericIronSupplytotheOcean 103 AWSchroth GreatlyIncreasedCO 115 2 SAElias AnthropogenicSoilsastheMarker 129 GCertiniandRScalenghe PlasticsintheOcean 133 SAElias vii viii ContentsofVolume1:GeologicHistoryandEnergy EvidenceinPolarIceRecords 151 EWWolff HumanlyModifiedGround 157 MEdgeworth PlasticsandtheAnthropocene 163 PLCorcoran,KJazvac,andABallent TheAnthropocene—APotentialStratigraphicDefinitionBasedonBlackCarbon,Char,andSootRecords 171 YMHan,ZSAn,andJJCao MagneticParticulatesasMarkersofFossilFuelBurning 179 MWHounslow SpheroidalCarbonaceousFlyAshParticlesintheAnthropocene 189 NLRose IsotopicSignatures 197 JRDean,MJLeng,andAWMackay GeochemicalRecordsinSpeleothems 205 IJFairchild ChemicalSignalsoftheAnthropocene 213 AGałuszkaandZMMigaszewski TheEvidenceforHumanAgencyintheLatePleistoceneMegafaunalExtinctions 219 GHaynes Editor'sNote 227 SAElias IncreasedAcidityofOceanWaters 233 SAElias LossofCoralReefs 245 SAElias Earth'sSixthMassExtinctionEvent 259 TPievani Paleoclimatology 265 SAElias RewildingthePleistoceneFauna 277 SAElias DevelopmentofCoal-FiredSteamTechnologyinBritain 285 MWhitmore RiseofAirlineTransportationAfterWWII 307 MWhitmore EnvironmentalEffectsofTerrestrialOilSpills 323 AJernelöv RiseinMotorizedTransportationandWeaponsintheWorldWars 337 MWhitmore SustainableEnergyDevelopment;TheRoleofGeothermalPower 357 BDavidsdottir EnvironmentalIssuesAssociatedwithEnergyTechnologiesandNaturalResourceUtilization 381 VRibé CityPlanningandEnergyUse 385 HParkandCAndrews ContentsofVolume1:GeologicHistoryandEnergy ix EnergyUseinFoodSystem 397 CDutilh,HBlonk,andALinnemann IntroductiontoRenewableEnergy 405 ENehrenheim WindFarms 407 ELPetersenandPHMadsen IndustrialEnergyUse,StatusandTrends 421 EWorrell EnvironmentalChangeandEnergy 431 IGSimmons EnergyandNaturalResources 441 ENehrenheim CombustiontoConcentrationtoWarming:WhatDoClimateTargetsMeanforEmissions? ClimateChangeandtheGlobalCarbonCycle 443 ASDenning OverviewArticlefortheGeologicHistorySection 453 SAElias ClimateChangeandEnergy 457 SAElias MetricsforGreenhouseGasEquivalence 467 IGEnting GreenhouseGasEmissionsfromEnergySystems,Comparison,andOverview 473 CBauer,KTreyer,THeck,andSHirschberg WaterConflictCaseStudy–Ethiopia'sGrandRenaissanceDam:TurningfromConflicttoCooperation 485 JCVeilleux ThinningCombinedWithBiomassEnergyProductionImpactsFire-AdaptedForestsinWestern UnitedStatesandMayIncreaseGreenhouseGasEmissions 491 DADellaSalaandMKoopman
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