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Encyclopedia of Terrorism PDF

497 Pages·2010·6.93 MB·English
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Encyclopedia of Terrorism Revised Edition EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd ii 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5544 PPMM EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd iiii 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5544 PPMM Encyclopedia of Terrorism Revised Edition CINDY C. COMBS AND MARTIN SLANN EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd iiiiii 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5544 PPMM Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition Copyright © 2007, 2002 by Cindy C. Combs and Martin Slann All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 ISBN-10: 0-8160-6277-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6277-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Combs, Cindy C. Encyclopedia of terrorism / Cindy C. Combs and Martin Slann.—Rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-6277-3 (hc : alk. paper) 1. Terrorism—Encyclopedias. I. Slann, Martin W. II. Title. HV6431.C65 2007 363.32503—dc22 2006015853 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for busi- nesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can fi nd Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfi le.com Text design by Cathy Rincon Cover design by Cathy Rincon/Salvatore Luongo Ilustrations by Jeremy Eagle and Melissa Ericksen Printed in the United States of America VB CGI 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd iivv 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5555 PPMM C O N T E N T S LIST OF ENTRIES vii INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION xi CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xv ENTRIES A–Z 1 APPENDIX 375 MAJOR ACTS OF TERRORISM, 1946–2006 383 U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL REACTION TO SEPTEMBER 11, 2001, DAY BY DAY 425 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 453 INDEX 461 EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd vv 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5555 PPMM EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd vvii 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5555 PPMM L i s t of E n t r i e s Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) Army for the Liberation of Rwanda Christian militia movements in the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Army of God United States Achille Lauro, hijacking of Aryan Nations Christian Patriotism Action Direct Aryan Republican Army Colombia, narco-terrorism and aerial hijacking al-Asad, Hafi z complicity, between media and airport security Asbat al-Ansar terrorists Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) attack on America: September 11, Covenant, Sword, and Arm of the Allied Democratic Forces 2001 Lord (CSA) American Front Aum Shinrikyo conventions on aerial hijacking Amin, Idi auto-genocide criminals, crusaders, and crazies, as Amir, Yigal Babbar Khalsa International terrorist types amplifi cation effect, of the media al-Badhr Mujahideen Cuba anarchists Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich cultural terrorism ancient terrorism al-Banna, Sabri cyberterrorism Andrés Castro United Front Basque Fatherland and Liberty cyclical nature of terrorism (FUAC) Begin, Menachem Darfur Animal Liberation Front Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich Dayak Ansar al-Islam Beslan school hostage crisis Dayr Yassin massacre anthrax, as a biological weapon bin Laden, Osama bin Mohammad Democratic Front for the Liberation anthrax, attack in the United States biological agents of Palestine (DFLP) antiabortion clinic attacks Black Hand demography Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei Black September Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary Left) (NTA) Bombay, India, train bombings diplomatic personnel and heads of April 19 Movement (M-19) bonuses, for terrorist success/injury state, as targets of terrorism al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigade Bosnia, genocide in dynastic assassination Arafat, Yasir Brotherhood of Assassins Earth Liberation Front (ELF) Argentina, state terrorism in Canada and the FLQ Eastern Shan State Army Arizona Patriots Carlos “the Jackal” Egypt, extremist attacks Armed Islamic Group (GIA) censorship, of media concerning Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) armed militias in the United States terrorist incidents Elizabethan Sea Dogs, as terrorists Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (ARN) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Entebbe, rescue operation armed right-wing groups in the Chechnya environmental groups, terrorism United States chemical weapons and Armenian Secret Army for the Chile, state terrorism in Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement Liberation of Armenia Christian Identity Movement ethnic cleansing vii EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd vviiii 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5555 PPMM viii Encyclopedia of Terrorism Exercise ELIGIBLE RECEIVER Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/ Kach/Kahane Chai explosives, taggants for Bangladesh Khaled, Leila Extraditables, The Harakat ul-Mujahidin Khmer Rouge (Party of Democratic Extradition, European Convention Harakat al-Shuhada’a al-Islamiyah Kampuchea) on al-Hasan, ibn Sabbah Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Farabundo Martí National Hawari Group Kim Jong Il Liberation Front Hiroshima and Nagasaki, bombing King David Hotel, bombing of al-Fatah of Kommisar, the fedayeen Hisba Ku Klux Klan Federal Bureau of Investigation Hitler, Adolph Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) (FBI) Hizballah Kurds female genital mutilation Hizb-I Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) Lashkar-e-Tayyiba Fighting Communist Cells Hizb ul-Mujahidin (HM) Lebanon 15 May Organization Holocaust denial Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam First of October Antifascist Homeland Security, Department of (LTTE) Resistance Group (GRAPO) humiliation Libya, state-supported terrorism by France, reign of terror in Hussein, Saddam Libyan Islamic Fighting Group Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, ideological mercenaries Lockerbie, bombing of Pan Am assassination of images, held by terrorists fl ight 103 Free Aceh Movement immigrants and terrorism Lod Airport attack Free Papua Movement Indonesia London terror attacks, July 7, 2005 Front du Libération du Québec innocent person, as target under Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) (FLQ) rules of war Loyalist Volunteer Force Front for the Liberation of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Madrid train bombings Cabinda Enclave (FLEC) Organization Manson, Charles al-Gama’at al-Islamiyya internal terrorism Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front Gandhi, Rajiv International Criminal Court, and Meir, Golda general threat indicators crimes of terrorism Memorandum of Understanding of generational differences among international terrorist congress Hijacking of Aircraft and Vessels terrorists Interpol and Other Offenses Geneva Convention on Treatment of intifadas (Israeli-Palestinian) Middle Eastern news outlets Civilians during Times of War Iran millennial movements genocide Iraq Mogadishu, GSG-9 hostage rescue globalization Irgun Zvai Leumi in goals of government, concerning Irish Republican Army (IRA) Montana Freemen media in terrorist event Islamic Army of Aden Morazanist Patriotic Front (FPM) goals of media, in terrorist event Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Mossad goals of terrorist, concerning media (IMU) Mujahideen-e-Khalq Organization Goldstein, Baruch Israel Munich massacre of Israeli athletes Gray Wolves Italy, legal initiatives against narco-terrorism Grey Wolves terrorism in National Liberation Army Great Eastern Islamic Raiders al-Ittihaad al-Islami (AIAI) Nazi Germany, state terrorism in Front Jaish-e-Mohammed neo-Nazis group dynamics, impact on Jamaat ul-Fuqra networking, of groups terrorism of Jamiat ul-Mujahedin New People’s Army GSG-9 Japan, attack in Tokyo subway 9/11 Commission Report guerrilla warfare Japanese Red Army NORAID Haganah Jewish Defense League Northern Ireland Haiti jihad novation Hamas Julius Caesar, assassination of nuclear terrorism EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd vviiiiii 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5566 PPMM List of Entries ix Nuremberg trials Revolutionary Armed Forces of tactical terror Oklahoma City bombing Colombia target search teams Omega 7 Revolutionary Organization 17 targets, hardening the Operation Chavín de Huántar November targeted killings Operation Dark Winter Revolutionary People’s Struggle terrorism Operation Eagle’s Claw Revolutionary United Front terrorism, fi nancing of Operation Enduring Freedom ricin terrorists, characteristics of Operation Infi nite Reach right of access, of media to terrorist “successful” Operation Nimrod events, in U.S. threat assessment operational security right of self-determination threat/hoax, as terrorist tactic Orange Volunteers right-wing extremism in Germany training camps for terrorists Oslo Accords right-wing terrorism trends in terrorist demography Ottawa Ministerial Declaration on Rudolph, Eric TREVI Countering Terrorism rule of proportionality Túpac Amaru Revolutionary overview of terrorism, by region Rushdie, Salmon Movement (MRTA) Palestine Sabra and Shatila Tupamaros Palestinian Islamic Jihad Sadat, Anwar Turner Diaries, The Palestine Liberation Front Salafi st Group for Call and Combat TWA fl ight 847 Palestine Liberation Organization Sayaret Mat’kal tyrannicide pathological terrorists school site analysis Ulster Defense Association People against Gangsterism and SEAL Team Six Unabomber Drugs Security Barrier, Israeli United Kingdom anti-terror personal security Sendero Luminoso legislation phases of a terrorist incident Shaldag United Nations, response to physical security Sharon, Ariel terrorism piracy, as a form of terrorism Shigenobu, Fusako United Self-Defense Forces of plastic weapons Sikh terrorism Colombia Popular Front for the Liberation of Sinn Féin United States, recent patterns of Palestine Six-Day War terrorism in Popular Front for the Liberation of skyjacking, international law and USA PATRIOT Act Palestine–General Command Special Operations units of the U.S. USS Cole, bombing of Posse Comitatus Government Venice Statement on Taking of al-Qadhafi , Mu’ammar Special Projects Team–Special Air Diplomatic Hostages al-Qaeda Service (SAS) Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Qibla specifi c threat indicators Relations Qubt, Sayyid spillover events, terrorist violence Waco, Texas, incident Rabin, Yitzhak and weapons, conventional terrorist Rajneesh, Baghwan Shree Stalin, Joseph white supremacist groups random terror state-sponsored terrorism Wilmington Coup and Massacre of rape, as a tactic of warfare state terrorism 1898 Red Army Faction Stern Gang World Trade Center Bombings, 1993 Red Brigades Stockholm syndrome Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed Red Hand Defenders suicide terrorists Yousef, Ramzi religion, as a factor in group surrogate terrorism al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab dynamics Symbionese Liberation Army Zionism EEnnccyy TTeerrrroorriissmm aaFFMM..iinndddd iixx 22//1155//0077 33::3344::5566 PPMM

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Encyclopedia of terrorism / Cindy C. Combs and Martin Slann.—Rev. ed. p. cm. Brock Long, Federal Emergency Management Agency. Melissa
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