Encyclopedia of Stress [Vol 1]

1022 Pages·2007·13.15 MB·English

by  G. Fink

DEDICATION
For Ann Elizabeth
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
GeorgeFink
ProfessorialResearch Fellow(formerly Director)
Mental HealthResearchInstitute ofVictoria
Parkville, Melbourne,Victoria
Australia
FormerlyDirector,MRC BrainMetabolismUnit
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
BruceMcEwen Andrew Steptoe
TheRockefeller University University CollegeLondon
Laboratoryof Neuroendocrinology Departmentof Epidemiologyand Public Health
1230York Avenue, Box 165 Psychology
NewYorkNY 10021 1-19Torrington PlaceLondon WC1E 6BT
UK
E. RonalddeKloet
NoelRose
Universiteit Leiden
Johns HopkinsUniversity
NatuurwetenschappenWiskunde en
Centerfor AutoimmuneDiseaseResearch
LACDRMedical Pharmacology
Molecular Microbiologyand Immunology
Einsteinweg 55, kamerHB902
615 NorthWolfeStreet, RmE5014
Leiden 2333CC
Baltimore MD21205
TheNetherlands
Ian Craig
SGDP ResearchCentre
Robert Rubin
Departmentof Psychiatry (116A) Instituteof Psychiatry,Molecular GeneticsGroup
De Crespigny Park,Box P082
VAGreaterLAHealthcare System
Denmark Hill
11301WilshireBlvd.
LosAngeles, CA 90073 London SE58AF
UK
GeorgeChrousos GioraFeuerstein
First Departmentof Pediatrics, Merck ResearchLaboratories42-209
Athens UniversityMedical School, Departmentof Cardiovascular Diseases
Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 770 SumneytownPike
11527Athens,Greece WestPoint PA 19486
CONTENTS
ContentsbySubjectarea xxiii Adrenal Medulla 52
PrefacetoFirstEdition xxxi R. Kvetnansky and R. McCarty
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xxxiii
Adrenaline 60
GuidetoEncyclopedia xxxv
T. M. Pollard
Foreword xxxvii
Adrenocortical Function, Factors
▪
VOLUME 1 Controlling Development Thereof 64
T. Else and G. D. Hammer
A Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 69
M. E. Rhodes
Aerobic Exercise and Stress Reduction 73
Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic
E. J. C. de Geus and J. H. Stubbe
Stress Disorder 1
R. Yehuda and C. M. Wong Affective Disorders 78
D. F. MacKinnon
Acute Stress Response: Experimental 7
K. Pacak and R. McCarty
Aggression 84
Acute Trauma Response 15 E. F. Coccaro and E. C. Manning
W. C. Chiu, D. E. Carlson and
Aggressive Behavior 89
M. P. Lilly
J. M. Koolhaas
Adenylyl Cyclases and Stress Response 21
Aging and Adrenocortical Factors 92
F. A. Antoni
C. Lord and J. C. Pruessner
Adjustment Disorders 24
Aging and Psychological Stress 96
M. Dascalu and D. Svrakic
B. W. J. Penninx
Adolescence 28
Aging and Stress, Biologyof 102
G. N. Swanson
M. A. Horan, R. N. Barton and
Adolescent Suicide 36 G. J. Lithgow
M. Berk, R. Suddath and
M. Devich-Navarro AIDS 108
M. H. Antoni and D. G. Cruess
Adrenal Cortex 38
G. P. Vinson, B. J. Whitehouse and Airline Accidents 114
J. P. Hinson G. Li
Adrenal Insufficiency 47 Alarm Phase and General Adaptation
H. S. Willenberg, S. R. Bornstein and Syndrome 119
G. P. Chrousos R. McCarty and K. Pacak
viii Contents
Alcohol and Stress: Social and Antimineralocorticoid Challenge 223
Psychological Aspects 123 M. Kellner and K. Wiedemann
M. A. Sayette
Antipsychotic Drugs and Stress 226
Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Stress: A S. Sundram
Psychobiological Perspective 127
Antisocial Disorders 231
A. N. Taylor, P. Prolo and M. L. Pilati
K. Pajer
Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid
Anxiety 236
Receptors 132
J. W. Funder A. O¨hman
Allostasis and Allostatic Load 135 Anxiolytics 240
B. S. McEwen and J. C. Wingfield M. Lader
Alzheimer’s Disease 141 Apoptosis 244
A. E. Roth, W. M. Greenberg and J.-L. Turner and J. A. Cidlowski
N. Pomara
Arterial Baroreflex 248
Ambulatory BloodPressure Monitoring 147 G. Parati, P. Castiglioni, M. Di Rienzo
T. G. Pickering and G. Mancia
Amenorrhea 149 Arthritis 258
V. E. Beshay and B. R. Carr R. L. Wilder
Amnesia 158 Arthritis – Psychological 261
J. S. Simons and K. S. Graham J. W. Younger and A. J. Zautra
Amygdala 161 Asthma 264
M. S. Fanselow and R. Ponnusamy A. A. Kaptein
Anatomy of the HPA Axis 166
Atherosclerosis 267
A. G. Watts
M. W. Ketterer
Androgen Action 171
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,
R. J. Handa and T. R. Pak
Stress and 271
Anger 176 L. E. Arnold and R. L. Lindsay
R. W. Novaco
Autoimmunity 276
Angiotensin 182 B. S. Rabin
O. Baltatu and M. Bader
Autonomic Nervous System 282
Angiotensin Receptors 186 W. R. Lovallo and J. J. Sollers III
T. A. Jenkins and F. A. O. Mendelsohn
Autotolerance 290
Animal Models (Nonprimate) for M. Durai and K. D. Moudgil
Human Stress 190
Avoidance 297
J. E. Ottenweller ▪
M. S. Oitzl
Annexin 195
A. Mulla, J. C. Buckingham and
B
R. J. Flower
Antibody Response 199
R. J. Booth Behavior Therapy 303
P. de Silva
Anti-CRF 206
E. P. Zorrilla, Y. Zhao and G. F. Koob Behavior, Overview 307
R. Dantzer
Antidepressant Actions on Glucocorticoid
Receptors 215 Benzodiazepines 310
J. L. W. Yau and J. R. Seckl J. Bermak, T. Johnstone and K. Gee
Contents ix
Bereavement 317 Caregivers, Stress and 416
P. J. Clayton S. H. Zarit, K. Bottigi and J. E. Gaugler
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers 323 Catecholamines 419
M. B. Hamner and G. W. Arana U. Lundberg
Beta-Endorphin 332 Central Stress Neurocircuits 424
M. Lee and S. L. Wardlaw S. Kollack-Walker, H. E. W. Day and
H. Akil
Blood Pressure 335
A. Sherwood and R. A. Carels Cerebral Metabolism, Brain Imaging 432
K. P. Ebmeier, C. L. Donaghey and
Blood–Brain Barrier, Stress and 342
N. J. Dougall
S. N. Malaeb and B. S. Stonestreet
Chaperone Proteins and
Borderline Personality Disorder 348
Chaperonopathies 438
H. W. Koenigsberg and L. J. Siever
A. J. L. Macario and E. Conway de
Brain and Brain Regions 351 Macario
A. G. Watts
Chaperonopathies 444
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) 357 A. J. L. Macario and E. Conway de
P. Pervanidou and G. P. Chrousos Macario
Brain Trauma 360 Chemical Warfare 449
B. Pentland J. Berberich
Breast Cancer 364 Chernobyl, Stress Effects of 452
A. Moyer A. Tønnessen and L. Weisæth
Burnout 368 Child Abuse 457
▪
C. Maslach and M. P. Leiter C. C. Swenson and L. Saldana
Child PhysicalAbuse 460
C C. C. Swenson
Child Sexual Abuse 463
J. A. Cohen
Calbindin 373
F. A. Antoni Childbirth and Stress 467
S. Ayers and E. Ford
Calcium, Role of 374
F. A. Antoni Childhood Stress 472
S. Sandberg
Calcium-Dependent Neurotoxicity 375
J. S. Kelly Cholesterol and Lipoproteins 478
C. M. Stoney
Cancer 378
D. Spiegel Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 484
A. J. Cleare and S. Wessely
Cancer Treatment 384
F. I. Fawzy, A. L. Canada and Chronic Social Stress: GR Sensitivity in
N. W. Fawzy Leukocytes 493
A. Weizman and B. Rotberg
Captivity, Adaptation to 388
R. H. Rahe Circadian Clock Genes as Modulators of
Sensitivity to Genotoxic Stress 496
Captivity, Recovery from 392
M. P. Antoch and R. V. Kondratov
R. H. Rahe
Circadian RhythmEffects on
Cardiovascular System and Stress 396
Cardiovascular and Other Stress-Related
P. Hjemdahl
Events 500
Cardiovascular Disease, Stress and 410 R. Manfredini, B. Boari, R. Salmi,
G. P. Chrousos and G. Kaltsas A. M. Malagoni and F. Manfredini
x Contents
Circadian Rhythms, Effects of Prenatal Corticosteroids and Stress 613
Stress in Rodents 505 A. Munck
S. Maccari and O. Van Reeth
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) 620
Circadian Rhythms, Genetics of 508 A. T. Lim
F. W. Turek and M. H. Vitaterna
Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptor
Cognition and Stress 513 Deficiency in Mice 623
M. W. Eysenck N. J. Justice and K.-F. Lee
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 515 Corticotropin Releasing Factor-Binding
G. A. Fava Protein 627
P. J. Lowry, C. F. Kemp and
Combat Reaction, Chronic 518
R. J. Woods
R. H. Rahe
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Circuitry
Combat Stress Reaction 524
in the Brain – Relevance for Affective
M. Dobson
Disorders and Anxiety 630
Combat, Acute Reactions to 529 D. A. Gutman and C. B. Nemeroff
R. H. Rahe
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)
Common Cold and Stress 533 Family of Neuropeptides – Role in
A. Smith Inflammation 635
A. Gravanis and A. N. Margioris
Community Studies 536
C. J. Holahan, R. H. Moos and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors 641
L. M. Groesz D. E. Grigoriadis
Comorbid Disorders and Stress 542 Cortisol Awakening Response 649
S. Sundram and Avril Pereira A. Steptoe
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology 549 C-Reactive Protein 653
A. G. Watts W. J. Kop and A. A. Weinstein
Concentration Camp Survivors 553 Crime Victims 659
J. D. Kinzie I. Robbins
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia(CAH) 556 Crisis Intervention 662
A. Solomon and P.-M. G. Bouloux D. Hamaoka, D. Benedek, T. Grieger
and R. J. Ursano
Conservation of Resources Theory 562
S. E. Hobfoll and J. S. Ford Critical Thermal Limits 667
J. Roth
Control and Stress 568
A. Steptoe Crowding Stress 669
L. Kova´cs and P. Csermely
Coping and Stress: A Lens and
Filter Model 574 Cultural Factors in Stress 672
R. H. Rahe J. W. Berry and B. Ataca
Coping Skills 578 Cultural Transition 678
A. DeLongis and E. Puterman M. S. Kopp
Corticosteroid Receptor Genes: Cushing’s Syndrome, Medical Aspects 682
Functional Dissection in Mice 584 S. R. Bornstein, M. Gruber,
F. Tronche H. S. Willenberg, C. A. Stratakis and
G. P. Chrousos
Corticosteroid Receptors 594
O. C. Meijer, E. R. de Kloet and Cushing’s Syndrome, Neuropsychiatric
B. S. McEwen Aspects 688
M. N. Starkman
Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin
(Transcortin) 605 Cytokines 692
B. E. P. Murphy G. D. Marshall
Contents xi
Cytokines, Chronic Stress, and Fatigue 698 Diet and Stress, Non-Psychiatric 797
S. Jain and P. J. Mills J. Wardle and E. L. Gibson
Cytokines, Stress, and Depression 705 Diet and Stress, Psychiatric 806
B. E. Leonard and C. Song V. March and M. H. Fernstrom
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes 711 Disaster Syndrome 811
▪
M. A. Fletcher and N. G. Klimas P. Valent
Disasters and Mass Violence, Public,
D Effects of 814
G. Stevens, B. Raphael and M. Dobson
Disease, Stress Induced 824
Death Anxiety 717
H. S. Willenberg, S. R. Bornstein and
R. Kastenbaum
G. P. Chrousos
Defensive Behaviors 722
Dissociation 828
D. C. Blanchard, M. Yang, M. Hebert
J. R. Maldonado
and R. J. Blanchard
Distress 838
Demand–ControlModel 727
G. Matthews
T. Theorell
Divorce, Children of 844
Dental Stress 733
K. N. Hipke, S. A. Wolchik and
T. K. Fa´bia´n, G. Fa´bia´n and P. Feje´rdy
I. N. Sandler
Depersonalization: Systematic Assessment 736
Domestic Violence 848
M. Steinberg
B. Donohue, H. Hill and
Depression and Coronary Heart Disease 741 T. Maier-Paarlberg
F. Lespe´rance and N. Frasure-Smith
Dopamine, Central 852
Depression and Manic–Depressive Illness 744 G. D. Stanwood
R. T. Rubin and B. J. Carroll
Drosophila Genes and Anoxia 859
Depression and Stress, Role of n-3 and G. G. Haddad
n-6 Fatty Acids 754
C. Song and B. E. Leonard Drosophila Studies 864
M. Allikian and J. Tower
Depression Models 760
K. Matthews and C. Stewart Drug Use and Abuse 866
▪
J. R. Mantsch
Depression, Immunological Aspects 766
M. R. Irwin
E
Dermatological Conditions 773
M. A. Gupta
Desensitization 778 Earthquakes, Stress Effects of 871
F. A. Antoni M. Livanou and M. Bas¸og˘lu
DexamethasoneSuppression Eating Disorders and Stress 876
Test (DST) 780 D. C. Jimerson
R. T. Rubin and B. J. Carroll
Eclampsia and Pre-Eclampsia 880
DEX-CRH Test 784 A. Makrigiannakis, G. Petsas and
N. C. Schommer and I. Heuser G. P. Chrousos
DHEA 788 Economic Factors and Stress 884
J. Herbert R. A. Catalano
Diabetes, Type 1 792 Education Levels and Stress 888
A. Riazi and C. Bradley J. Mirowsky and C. E. Ross
xii Contents
Effort–Reward Imbalance Model 893 Expression Profiling of Stress Responsive
J. Siegrist Gene Patterns 986
N. A. Datson and M. C. Morsink
Elder Abuse 896
C. P. Holstege and H. Holstege ▪
VOLUME 2
Electrodermal Activity 899
G. Turpin and T. Grandfield
F
Emergency Personnel, Stress in 903
D. S. Weiss
Emotional Inhibition 908 Familial Patterns of Stress 1
H. C. Traue and R. M. Deighton A. Bifulco
Emotions: Structure and Adaptive Family Therapy 6
Functions 914 B. Jalali
R. J. Contrada and H. Leventhal
Fatigue and Stress 11
Employee Assistance and Counseling 922 A. Appels and W. J. Kop
M. E. Mor Barak and D. J. Travis
Fear 15
Endocrine Systems 926 A. O¨hman
G. Fink
Fear and the Amygdala 19
Endometriosis 927 R. Norbury and G. M. Goodwin
S. N. Kalantaridou, T. Vrekoussis,
Febrile Response 24
A. Makrigiannakis and G. P. Chrousos
S. Gatti McArthur and T. Bartfai
Enuresis 931
Feedback Systems 31
S. K. Anand and C. D. Berkowitz
G. Fink
Environmental Factors 934
Feeding Circuitry (and Neurochemistry) 43
W. R. Avison
S. E. La Fleur, J. J. G. Hillebrand and
Environmental Stress, Effects on R. A. H. Adan
Human Performance 940
Fetal Stress 46
G. R. J. Hockey
M. Eleftheriades, P. Pervanidou and
Epilepsy 945 G. P. Chrousos
C. J. Schramke and K. M. Kelly
Fibrinogen and Clotting Factors 51
Estrogen 951 E. Brunner
S. B. Miller, E. Neumark and A. Sita
Fibromyalgia 56
Ethanol and Endogenous Opioids 955 P. B. Wood
D. K. Sarkar
Fight-or-Flight Response 62
Ethnicity, Mental Health 959 R. McCarty
K. Iley and J. Y. Nazroo
Firefighters, Stress in 64
Evolutionary Origins and Functions
T. L. Guidotti
of the Stress Response 964
R. M. Nesse, S. Bhatnagar and Fish, Stress in 68
E. A. Young C. B. Schreck
Excitatory Amino Acids 970 Floods, Stress Effects of 73
J. V. Nadler J. O. Brende
Excitotoxins 975 Food Intake and Stress, Human 79
M. P. Mattson K. Smith and G. M. Goodwin
Exercise 982 Food Intake and Stress, Non-Human 82
P. Khatri and J. A. Blumenthal Belinda A. Henry and Iain J. Clarke