Encyclopedia of special education: a reference for the education of children, adolescents, and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of special education: a reference for the education of children, adolescents, and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals
T H I R D E D I T I O N VOLUME 1 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Special Education A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals Edited by Cecil R. Reynolds Elaine Fletcher-Janzen JOHN WILEY & SONS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Special Education T H I R D E DI T ION Encyclopedia of Special Education, THIRD EDITION Cecil R. Reynolds and Elaine Fletcher-Janzen, Editors CONTRIBUTING EDITORS KIMBERLY F. APPLEQUIST CYNTHIA RICCIO University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Texas A&M University Colorado Springs, Colorado College Station, Texas RANDALL L. DE PRY RACHEL TOPLIS University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Falcon School District 49 Colorado Springs, Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado RON DUMONT LEE SWANSON Fairleigh Dickinson University University of California, Riverside Teaneck, New Jersey Riverside, California SAM GOLDSTEIN JOHN O. WILLIS University of Utah Rivier College Salt Lake City, Utah Nashua, New Hampshire JAMES C. KAUFMAN RON ZELLNER California State University, San Bernardino Texas A&M University San Bernardino, California College Station, Texas TOM OAKLAND University of Florida Gainesville, Florida T H I R D E D I T I O N VOLUME 1 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Special Education A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals Edited by Cecil R. Reynolds Elaine Fletcher-Janzen JOHN WILEY & SONS This book is printed on acid- free paper. o Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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ISBN-13: 978-0-471-67798-7 (VOL. 1); ISBN-10: 0-471-67798-1 (VOL. 1) ISBN-13: 978-0-471-67799-4 (VOL. 2); ISBN-10: 0-471-67799-X (VOL. 2) ISBN-13: 978-0-471-67801-4 (VOL. 3); ISBN-10: 0-471-67801-5 (VOL. 3) ISBN-13: 978-0-471-67802-1 (SET); ISBN-10: 0-471-67802-3 (SET) Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTRIBUTORS Susanne Blough Abbott C. H. Ammons Anna M. Arena Bedford Central School District Psychological Reports / Perceptual Academic Therapy Publications Mt. Kisco, New York and Motor Skills Novato, California Missoula, Montana Marty Abramson John Arena University of Wisconsin at Stout Carol Anderson Academic Therapy Publications Menomonie, Wisconsin Texas A&M University Novato, California College Station, Texas Patricia Ann Abramson Julie A. Armentrout Kari Anderson Hudson Public Schools University of Colorado at Colorado University of North Carolina at Hudson, Wisconsin Springs Wilmington Colorado Springs, Colorado Salvador Hector Achoa Wilmington, North Carolina Texas A&M University Patricia Ann Arramson Peggy L. Anderson College Station, Texas Hudson Public Schools University of New Orleans, Hudson, Wisconsin Lakefront Patricia A. Alexander New Orleans, Louisiana University of Maryland Gustavo Abelardo Arrendondo College Park, Maryland Monterrey, Mexico Candace Andrews California State University, San Vincent C. Alfonso Bernice Arricale Bernardino Fordham University Hunter College, City University of San Bernardino, California New York, New York New York New York, New York Jean Annan Nancy Algert Massey University Texas A&M University H. Roberta Arrigo New Zealand College Station, Texas Hunter College, City University of New York J. Appelboom-Fondu Thomas E. Allen New York, New York Université Libre de Bruxelles Gallaudet College Brussels, Belgium Washington, DC Alfredo J. Artiles James M. Applefi eld University of California, Los Angeles Marie Almond University of North Carolina at Los Angeles, California The University of Texas of the Wilmington Permian Basin Maria Arzola Wilmington, North Carolina Odessa, Texas University of Florida Pauline F. Applefi eld Gainesville, Florida Geri R. Alvis University of North Carolina at Memphis State University Wilmington Michael J. Ash Memphis, Tennessee Wilmington, North Carolina Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Daniel G. Amen Kimberly F. Applequist University of California School of University of Colorado at Colorado Adel E. Ashawal Medicine Springs Ain Shams University Irvine, California Colorado Springs, Colorado Cairo, Egypt v vi CONTRIBUTORS Shannon Atwater Lyle E. Barton Richard A. Berg Branson School Online Kent State University West Virginia University Medical Branson, Colorado Kent, Ohio Center, Charleston Division Charleston, West Virginia William G. Austin Vicki Bartosik Cape Fear Psychological Services Stanford University John R. Bergan Wilmington, North Carolina Stanford, California University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Anna H. Avant Paul Bates University of Alabama Southern Illinois University Dianne E. Berkell Tuscaloosa, Alabama Carbondale, Illinois C.W. Post Campus, Long Island University Dan G. Bachor Anne M. Bauer Greenvale, New York University of Victoria University of Cincinnati Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Gary Berkowitz Cincinnati, Ohio Temple University John Baer Elizabeth R. Bauerschmidt Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Rider University University of North Carolina at Wenonah, New Jersey Shari A. Bevins Wilmington Texas A&M University Rebecca Bailey Wilmington, North Carolina College Station, Texas Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Michael Bauerschmidt John Bielinski Brunswick Hospital AGS Publishing Timothy A. Ballard Wilmington, North Carolina St. Paul, Minnesota University of North Carolina at Wilmington Monique Banters Kristan Biernath Wilmington, North Carolina Centre d’Etude et de Reclassement The Hughes Spalding International Brussels, Belgium Adoption Evaluation Center Melanie Ballatore Atlanta, Georgia University of Texas John R. Beattie Austin, Texas University of North Carolina at Erin D. Bigler Charlotte Tanya Y. Banda Brigham Young University Charlotte, North Carolina Texas A&M University Press Provo, Utah College Station, Texas George R. Beauchamp Tia Billy Cleveland Clinic Foundation Deborah E. Barbour Texas A&M University Cleveland, Ohio University of North Carolina at College Station, Texas Wilmington Mellisa Beckham Roseann Bisighini Wilmington, North Carolina The Citadel The Salk Institute Charleston, South Carolina Russell A. Barkley La Jolla, California University of Massachusetts Medical Ronald A. Beghetto Center Kendra J. Bjoraker University of Oregon Worchester, Massachusetts University of Northern Colorado Eugene, Oregon Greeley, Colorado Charles P. Barnard University of Wisconsin at Stout Julie Bell Jan Blacher Menomonie, Wisconsin University of Florida University of California, Riverside Gainesville, Florida Riverside, California David W. Barnett University of Cincinnati Ana Yeraldina Beneke Gérard Bless Cincinnati, Ohio University of Oklahoma University of Fribourg Norman, Oklahoma Fribourg, Switzerland Ellis I. Barowsky Hunter College, City University of Randy Elliot Bennett L. Worth Bolton New York Educational Testing Service Cape Fear Substance Abuse Center New York, New York Princeton, New Jersey Wilmington, North Carolina CONTRIBUTORS vii Gwyneth M. Boodoo Melanie L. Bromley Alois Bürli Texas A&M University California State University, San Swiss Institute for Special Education College Station, Texas Bernardino Lucerne, Switzerland San Bernardino, California Nancy Bordier Jason Burrow-Sanchez Hunter College, City University of Michael G. Brown University of Utah New York Central Wisconsin Center for the Salt Lake City, Utah Developmentally Disabled New York, New York Madison, Wisconsin Thomas A. Burton University of Georgia Jeannie Bormans Robert T. Brown Athens, Georgia Center for Developmental Problems University of North Carolina at Brussels, Belgium Wilmington Michelle T. Buss Wilmington, North Carolina Texas A&M University Morton Botel College Station, Texas University of Pennsylvania Ronald T. Brown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Emory University School of Medicine James Button Atlanta, Georgia United States Department of Daniel J. Boudah Education Texas A&M University Tina L. Brown Washington, DC College Station, Texas Memphis State University Memphis, Tennessee Claudia Camarillo-Dievendorf Michael Bourdot Pitzer College, Claremont Centre d’Etude et de Reclassement Robert G. Brubaker Claremont, California Brussels, Belgium Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, Kentucky Anne Campbell Bruce A. Bracken Purdue University University of Memphis Catherine O. Bruce West Lafayette, Indiana Memphis, Tennessee Hunter College, City University of New York Frances A. Campbell Mary Brady New York, New York University of North Carolina at Pennsylvania Special Education Chapel Hill Assistive Device Center Andrew R. Brulle Chapel Hill, North Carolina Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania Wheaton College Sycamore, Illinois Steven A. Carlson Janet S. Brand Beaverton Schools Hunter College, City University of Laura Kinzie Brutting Beaverton, Oregon University of Wisconsin at Madison New York Madison, Wisconsin Douglas Carnine New York, New York University of Oregon Donna M. Bryant Eugene, Oregon Don Braswell University of North Carolina at Research Foundation, City Chapel Hill Deborah Birke Caron University of New York Chapel Hill, North Carolina St. Lucie County School District New York, New York Ft. Pierce, Florida Milton Budoff T. Berry Brazelton Research Institute for Educational Janet Carpenter Children’s Hospital Problems University of Oklahoma Boston, Massachusetts Cambridge, Massachusetts Norman, Oklahoma Warner H. Britton Carolyn L. Bullard Edward G. Carr Auburn University Lewis & Clark College State University of New York at Auburn, Alabama Portland, Oregon Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York Debra Y. Broadbooks Thomas R. Burke California School of Professional Hunter College, City University of Tracy Calpin Castle Psychology New York Eastern Kentucky University San Diego, California New York, New York Richmond, Kentucky
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