Encyclopedia of social psychology / 1 [A - I] PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of social psychology / 1 [A - I]
FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 6:15 PM Page i S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ocial P sychology FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 6:15 PM Page iii S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ocial P sychology 1 Roy F. Baumeister Florida State University Kathleen D. Vohs University of Minnesota EDITORS FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 6:15 PM Page iv Copyright © 2007 by SAGE Publications,Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications,Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks,California 91320 E-mail:[email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road,New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of social psychology/editors,Roy F. Baumeister,Kathleen D. Vohs. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-1670-7 (cloth) 1. Social psychology—Encyclopedias. I. Baumeister,Roy F. II. Vohs,Kathleen D. HM1007.E53 2007 302.03—dc22 2007014603 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Acquisitions Editor: Michael Carmichael Developmental Editors: Carole Maurer,Paul Reis Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Project Editor: Tracy Alpern Copy Editors: Colleen B. Brennan,Robin Gold Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Indexer: Julie Sherman Grayson Cover Designer: Candice Harman Marketing Manager: Carmel Withers FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 9:39 PM Page v Contents Editorial Board, vi List of Entries, vii Reader’s Guide, xv About the Editors, xxv Contributors, xxvi Introduction, xiv Entries Volume 1: A–I 1–506 Volume 2: J–Z 507–1018 Index, I-1–I-76 FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 6:15 PM Page vi Editorial Board Editors Roy F. Baumeister Kathleen D. Vohs Florida State University University of Minnesota Managing Editor Nicole L. Mead Florida State University Advisory Board Galen V. Bodenhausen Douglas T. Kenrick Northwestern University Arizona State University Ap Dijksterhuis Antony S. R. Manstead Radboud University Nijmegen Cardiff University Wendi L. Gardner Sandra L. Murray Northwestern University State University of New York at Buffalo Michael A. Hogg Abraham Tesser Claremont Graduate University University of Georgia Jay Hull Penny S. Visser Dartmouth College University of Chicago vi FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 6:15 PM Page vii List of Entries Accessibility Attitudes Accountability Attitude Strength Achievement Motivation Attraction Action Identification Theory Attributional Ambiguity Actor–Observer Asymmetries Attribution Cube. See Kelley’s Covariation Model Adaptive Unconscious Attributions Affect Attribution Theory Affect-as-Information Authenticity Affect Heuristic Authoritarian Personality Affect Infusion Authority Ranking. See Relational Models Theory Affordances Autobiographical Narratives Aggression Automatic Processes Agreeableness Auto-Motive Model Alcohol Myopia Effect Autonomy Altruism Availability Heuristic Altruistic Punishment Aversive Racism Ambivalence Awe Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Androgyny Babyfaceness Anger Bad Is Stronger Than Good Anonymity. See Deindividuation Balance Theory Anticipatory Attitude Change Barnum Effect Antisocial Behavior Base Rate Fallacy Anxiety Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing) Apparent Mental Causation Behavioral Contagion Applied Social Psychology Behavioral Economics Approach–Avoidance Conflict Belief Perseverance Arousal Beliefs Assimilation Processes Benevolent Sexism Associative Networks Bennington College Study Attachment Styles Betrayal Attachment Theory Big Five Personality Traits Attention Binge Eating Attitude–Behavior Consistency Biopsychosocial Model Attitude Change Blaming the Victim Attitude Formation Bobo Doll Studies vii FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 6:15 PM Page viii viii———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology Bogus Pipeline Coping Brainstorming Correctness of Personality Judgments. See Brainwashing Personality Judgments,Accuracy of Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions Correspondence Bias Buffering Effect Correspondent Inference Theory Bulimia Counterfactual Thinking Bullying Counterregulation of Eating Bystander Effect Creativity Critical Social Psychology Catharsis of Aggression Cross-Lagged Panel Correlation Central Traits Versus Peripheral Traits Crowding Cheater-Detection Mechanism Cultural Animal Choking Under Pressure Cultural Differences Close Relationships Culture Cognitive Consistency Culture of Honor Cognitive Dissonance Theory Curiosity Cohesiveness, Group Collective Self Date Rape Collectivistic Cultures Debiasing Commons Dilemma. See Social Dilemmas Deception (Lying) Communal Relationships Deception (Methodological Technique) Communal Sharing. See Relational Models Theory Decision and Commitment in Love Companionate Love Decision Making Compassion Decision Model of Helping Complementarity, of Relationship Partners Defensive Attribution Compliance Defensive Pessimism Confirmation Bias Deindividuation Conflict Resolution Delay of Gratification Conformity Demand Characteristics Consciousness Dependence Regulation Consensus, in Attribution Theory. See Kelley’s Depression Covariation Model Depressive Realism Consistency, in Attributions. See Kelley’s Deviance Covariation Model Diagnosticity Construal Level Theory. See Temporal Construal Diffusion of Responsibility Theory Dilution Effect Consumer Behavior Discontinuity Effect Contact Hypothesis Discounting, in Attribution Content Analysis Discourse Analysis. See Discursive Psychology Contingencies of Self-Worth Discrimination Contingency Model of Leadership Discursive Psychology Contrast Effects Disgust Control Displaced Aggression Control Condition Distinctiveness, in Attribution Controlled Processes Distributive Justice Control Motivation Dominance, Evolutionary Cooperation Door-in-the-Face Technique FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 6:15 PM Page ix List of Entries———ix Downward Comparison. See Downward Social Expertise Comparison Extraversion Downward Social Comparison Extrinsic Motivation Drive Theory Eyewitness Testimony,Accuracy of Dual Attitudes Dual Process Theories Facial Expression of Emotion Dynamical Systems Theory Facial-Feedback Hypothesis False Consciousness Ecological Rationality False Consensus Effect Ecological Validity False Uniqueness Bias Effort Justification Falsification Egocentric Bias Fast and Frugal Heuristics Ego Depletion Fear Appeals Ego Shock Feedback Loop Elaboration Likelihood Model Fight-or-Flight Response Elevation Focalism Embarrassment Foot-in-the-Door Technique Emotion Forced Compliance Technique Emotional Contagion Forensic Psychology Emotional Intelligence Forewarning Empathic Accuracy Forgiveness Empathy Free Will, Study of Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis Encoding Fundamental Attribution Error Endowment Effect. See Mere Ownership Effect Entitativity Gain–Loss Framing Environmental Psychology Gambler’s Fallacy Envy Gender Differences Equality Matching. See Relational Models Theory Genetic Influences on Social Behavior Equity Theory Goals Erotic Plasticity Gossip Error Management Theory Gratitude Escape Theory Grim Necessities Ethnocentrism GRIT Tension Reduction Strategy Ethology Group Cohesiveness Evolutionary Psychology Group Decision Making Exchange Relationships Group Dynamics Excitation-Transfer Theory Group Identity Excuse Group Performance and Productivity Executive Function of Self Group Polarization Exemplification Groups, Characteristics of Expectancy Effects Groupthink Expectations Guilt Experimental Condition Guilty Pleasures Experimental Realism Experimentation Habits Experimenter Effects Halo Effect FM-Baumeister (Encyc) (VOL 1)-45348.qxd 7/24/2007 6:15 PM Page x x———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology Happiness Interpersonal Cognition Hardiness Intimacy Health Psychology Intimate Partner Violence Hedonic Treadmill Intimidation. See Self-Presentation Helping Behavior Intrinsic Motivation Helplessness, Learned Introspection Heuristic Processing Introversion Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion Ironic Processes Hindsight Bias History of Social Psychology Jealousy Home-Field Advantage and Disadvantage Jigsaw Classroom Hope Justice Motive Hormones and Behavior Just-World Hypothesis Hostile Attribution Bias Hostile Masculinity Syndrome Kelley’s Covariation Model Hostile Media Bias Kin Selection Hot Hand Effect Hyperbolic Discounting Law of Small Numbers Lay Epistemics Identity Crisis Leadership Identity Status Learned Helplessness Ideology Learning Theory Illusion of Control LISREL Illusion of Transparency Locus of Control Illusory Correlation Logical Positivism Implementation Intentions Loneliness Implicit Association Test Looking-Glass Self Implicit Attitudes Loss Aversion Implicit Personality Theory Lost Letter Technique Impression Management Love Independence of Positive and Negative Affect Lowballing Independent Self-Construals Individual Differences Marital Satisfaction Inference Market Pricing. See Relational Models Theory Influence Masculinity/Femininity Informational Influence Matching Hypothesis Ingratiation Meaning Maintenance Model Ingratiator’s Dilemma Media Violence and Aggression Ingroup–Outgroup Bias Memory Inoculation Theory Mental Accounting Integrative Complexity Mental Control Interdependence Theory Mere Exposure Effect Interdependent Self-Construals Mere Ownership Effect Intergroup Anxiety Meta-Analysis Intergroup Emotions Meta-Awareness Intergroup Relations Metacognition Interpersonal Attraction Processes. See Attraction Metatraits
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