Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology

886 Pages·2010·7.58 MB·English

by  Alan Barnard

The Routledge
Encyclopedia of Social and
Cultural Anthropology
Second edition
Edited by
Alan Barnard and
Jonathan Spencer
Firstpublished1996
byRoutledge
Thissecondeditionpublishedin2010
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon.OX144RN
SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada
byRoutledge
270MadisonAve.,NewYork,NY100016
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup
©1996and2010Routledge
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by
anyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopying
andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom
thepublishers.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Encyclopediaofsocialandculturalanthropology/editedbyAlanBarnard,JonathanSpencer.–2nded.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
1.Ethnology–Encyclopedias.I.Barnard,Alan(AlanJ.)II.Spencer,Jonathan,1954-
GN307.E5252009
306.03–dc22
2009019670
ISBN 0-203-86647-9 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 978-0-415-40978-0 (hbk)
ISBN978-0-203-86647-4(ebk)
To the memory of John H. Barnard, Jr (1923–2005)
and Julia Swannell (1952–92)
Editorial board
Veena Das
Michael Lambek
Howard Morphy
Peter Pels
Yasushi Uchiyamada
Eduardo Viveiros de Castro
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition viii
Acknowledgements x
Introduction xii
How to use this book xv
List of entries xvi
List of contributors xx
Analytical table of contents xxiv
Contributions by author xxvii
Entries 1
Biographical appendix 724
Glossary 754
Name index 791
Peoples and places index 804
Subject index 814
Preface to the second edition
The first edition of this book was conceived in forgottencertaintiesstrewninitswake.Insteadit
1992 and published 4 years later. The editors expands in all directions, and few ideas are so
were left a little tired by this experience and for bad or so old-fashioned to deserve to be com-
sometimeresistedalleffortstocommittoanew pletely abandoned. So it is that for this edition
edition. In the end, flattered by our publisher’s wehavebeencarefulnottoremovetoomuchof
refusal to let the matter rest, we agreed to pre- the first edition, concentrating instead on
parethissecondedition.Thebookyouholdisat expanding the coverage in all directions. Old
once bigger than the original, but also more entries have been lightly updated and new
various, to reflect anthropology’s voracious pur- entries commissioned. In a couple of cases we
suit of new topics and new sites where those have replaced entries with completely new ones
topics can be investigated. This new edition has onthesametopic.Wehaveaddednewnamesto
275 main entries, over 300 short biographical thebiographicalappendix,andafewnewterms
entries and nearly 600 short entries in the glos- to the glossary. The new entries – counter-
sary. Many of these are new additions to the insurgency, diaspora, neoliberalism, NGOs,
original text, covering exciting new areas of among many others – evoke the rapidly chan-
anthropological research, from affect to ethics, ging world that anthropology seeks to under-
sextosovereignty. stand, and thus the sense that anthropology is
Thenewentrieswehavecommissionedreflect very much a study of the contemporary as well
majorchangesinanthropologyinthepastdecade: asareflectiononthepast.Sincethepublication
subdisciplines like medical anthropology (AIDS, of the first edition, the intellectual baton has
pharmaceuticals) have become more central to passed from one generation, all born before
mainstream work in the discipline; there has 1940 (including Pierre Bourdieu, Marshall Sah-
beenafluorescenceofrecentworkaroundissues linsandDavidSchneider),toanother(including
of gender and sexuality (feminist anthropology, Maurice Bloch, Veena Das and Michael Herz-
gayandlesbiananthropology),andanthropology feld),andtheirnamesareamongthemanynew
isnow firmlyethnographically engaged withthe biographicalentries.
central institutions of modernity (finance, In choosing what to add and what to revise,
science). Anthropology is now an unequivocally wewerealmostentirelyguidedbythecombined
globaldiscipline,sowecelebratemoretraditions expertise of our excellent editorial board. Each
ofanthropologicalwork(Japaneseanthropology, member of the board was sent a copy of the
LatinAmericananthropology)aswellasthepro- original edition with the instruction to highlight
cesses of globalization (cosmopolitanism, trans- absences, apparent weaknesses, or entries that
nationalism)itself,whereanthropologywasoften had passed their use-by date. They were also
first on the intellectual field and has defined the askedtohelpthinkofpossibleauthors,especially
termsofdebateacrossthehumansciences. youngerscholarswhoseworkwouldbecomethe
Anthropological knowledge does not march core knowledge of the discipline in years to
relentlesslyforward,leavingatrailofyesterday’s come. We collated their recommendations –
Prefacetothesecondedition ix
whichwereoftenasdetailedastheywerewise– this involved no more than the addition of key
and added a few concerns of our own. This publications to the list of further reading, but in
produced a long list of potential new entries, many other cases we have added to the sub-
which we prioritized and handed over for com- stantive discussion in the entry itself, usually to
missioning.Meanwhileweturnedtotheoriginal reflect more recent developments in the field in
edition, and identified those entries most question.Wehavealsotakentheopportunityto
obviously in need of updating. At the lightest, correctafewminorerrorsintheoriginaledition.
Acknowledgements
Firstedition burtonandEdmundWeineroftheOxfordEnglish
Dictionary. He learnt most, though, about the
Many people have helped the editors to bring
pleasure of words and food and many other
thisvolumetocompletion.Theprojectitselfwas
things,fromJuliaSwannell.
first suggested by Mark Barragry of Routledge
Barnard would like to thank Joy Barnard for
and, at different times, we have been ably sup-
putting up with his mild obsession for the bio-
ported by Michelle Darraugh, Robert Potts and
graphical details of long-dead anthropologists,
SamanthaParkinsonoftheRoutledgeReference
and for providing strength and the voice of
Section.Friendsandcolleaguestoonumerousto
common sense throughout the long hours the
mention have withstood our many casual
project has required. Corrie and Buster added
requests for advice and support, not to mention
the calm atmosphere that only cats can create,
contributions – some of which have been pro-
while Jake the labrador was as long-suffering as
vided under heroic pressures of time and space. hewasbemusedbyitall.Barnard hasbenefited
Our editorial board has also been a source of
much from discussions with his students too,
sound advice and ideas. The Department of especially those in ‘Anthropological Theory’.
SocialAnthropology inEdinburghhas provided
Their repeated request for a work of this kind
space,calmand,inthefinalstagesofthework,a
has, weboth hope, now been met withasource
smokinglaser-printer.Atdifferenttimeswehave
that both embodies their inspirations and serves
been helped there by Francis Watkins, Colin
theirintellectualdesires.
Millard, Sandra Brown and especially Joni
Wilson–allpastorpresentPhDstudents inthe
Secondedition
department. Colin Millard and Robert Gibb,
together with the editors, translated contribu- The idea of a second edition for the Encyclope-
tions from the French. We have been especially dia was first put to us by Gerard Greenaway,
fortunate to work with Alan McIntosh who has and then enthusiastically supported by Lesley
broughtararecombinationofskill,patienceand Riddle, anthropology editor at Routledge.
good advice to the copy-editing and indexing of Lesley saw the project through, from signing
thisbook the contract to submission of the final manu-
The editors have other, more personal debts script, ably supported by Lalle Pursglove. We
to acknowledge. For Spencer, Janet Carsten has are hugely grateful to our editorial board for
beenasourceofamusedtoleranceastheproject the careful reading they gave the original edi-
drifted out of control, while Jessica Spencer tion and the thoughtful suggestions they gave
gleefully set it all back a few months. Spencer us for revisions. During the commissioning
learnt a great deal of what he knows about lex- phase, Julene Knox handled the dealings with
icography from John Simpson, Yvonne War- individual contributors with great skill and
Acknowledgements xi
cheerfulness. In the final phase of the project, course as grateful as ever to the other mem-
Julie Hartley in Edinburgh imposed a degree bers of our households for their support and
of administrative order on the proceedings, forebearance.
again with considerable skill, and Jennifer
Curtis did a superb job of updating selected Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer
entries from the first edition. We are of Edinburgh, April 2009