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Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology PDF

886 Pages·2010·7.58 MB·English
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The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology Second edition Edited by Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer Firstpublished1996 byRoutledge Thissecondeditionpublishedin2010 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon.OX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 270MadisonAve.,NewYork,NY100016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup ©1996and2010Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by anyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopying andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom thepublishers. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Encyclopediaofsocialandculturalanthropology/editedbyAlanBarnard,JonathanSpencer.–2nded. p.cm. Includesindex. 1.Ethnology–Encyclopedias.I.Barnard,Alan(AlanJ.)II.Spencer,Jonathan,1954- GN307.E5252009 306.03–dc22 2009019670 ISBN 0-203-86647-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 978-0-415-40978-0 (hbk) ISBN978-0-203-86647-4(ebk) To the memory of John H. Barnard, Jr (1923–2005) and Julia Swannell (1952–92) Editorial board Veena Das Michael Lambek Howard Morphy Peter Pels Yasushi Uchiyamada Eduardo Viveiros de Castro Contents Preface to the Second Edition viii Acknowledgements x Introduction xii How to use this book xv List of entries xvi List of contributors xx Analytical table of contents xxiv Contributions by author xxvii Entries 1 Biographical appendix 724 Glossary 754 Name index 791 Peoples and places index 804 Subject index 814 Preface to the second edition The first edition of this book was conceived in forgottencertaintiesstrewninitswake.Insteadit 1992 and published 4 years later. The editors expands in all directions, and few ideas are so were left a little tired by this experience and for bad or so old-fashioned to deserve to be com- sometimeresistedalleffortstocommittoanew pletely abandoned. So it is that for this edition edition. In the end, flattered by our publisher’s wehavebeencarefulnottoremovetoomuchof refusal to let the matter rest, we agreed to pre- the first edition, concentrating instead on parethissecondedition.Thebookyouholdisat expanding the coverage in all directions. Old once bigger than the original, but also more entries have been lightly updated and new various, to reflect anthropology’s voracious pur- entries commissioned. In a couple of cases we suit of new topics and new sites where those have replaced entries with completely new ones topics can be investigated. This new edition has onthesametopic.Wehaveaddednewnamesto 275 main entries, over 300 short biographical thebiographicalappendix,andafewnewterms entries and nearly 600 short entries in the glos- to the glossary. The new entries – counter- sary. Many of these are new additions to the insurgency, diaspora, neoliberalism, NGOs, original text, covering exciting new areas of among many others – evoke the rapidly chan- anthropological research, from affect to ethics, ging world that anthropology seeks to under- sextosovereignty. stand, and thus the sense that anthropology is Thenewentrieswehavecommissionedreflect very much a study of the contemporary as well majorchangesinanthropologyinthepastdecade: asareflectiononthepast.Sincethepublication subdisciplines like medical anthropology (AIDS, of the first edition, the intellectual baton has pharmaceuticals) have become more central to passed from one generation, all born before mainstream work in the discipline; there has 1940 (including Pierre Bourdieu, Marshall Sah- beenafluorescenceofrecentworkaroundissues linsandDavidSchneider),toanother(including of gender and sexuality (feminist anthropology, Maurice Bloch, Veena Das and Michael Herz- gayandlesbiananthropology),andanthropology feld),andtheirnamesareamongthemanynew isnow firmlyethnographically engaged withthe biographicalentries. central institutions of modernity (finance, In choosing what to add and what to revise, science). Anthropology is now an unequivocally wewerealmostentirelyguidedbythecombined globaldiscipline,sowecelebratemoretraditions expertise of our excellent editorial board. Each ofanthropologicalwork(Japaneseanthropology, member of the board was sent a copy of the LatinAmericananthropology)aswellasthepro- original edition with the instruction to highlight cesses of globalization (cosmopolitanism, trans- absences, apparent weaknesses, or entries that nationalism)itself,whereanthropologywasoften had passed their use-by date. They were also first on the intellectual field and has defined the askedtohelpthinkofpossibleauthors,especially termsofdebateacrossthehumansciences. youngerscholarswhoseworkwouldbecomethe Anthropological knowledge does not march core knowledge of the discipline in years to relentlesslyforward,leavingatrailofyesterday’s come. We collated their recommendations – Prefacetothesecondedition ix whichwereoftenasdetailedastheywerewise– this involved no more than the addition of key and added a few concerns of our own. This publications to the list of further reading, but in produced a long list of potential new entries, many other cases we have added to the sub- which we prioritized and handed over for com- stantive discussion in the entry itself, usually to missioning.Meanwhileweturnedtotheoriginal reflect more recent developments in the field in edition, and identified those entries most question.Wehavealsotakentheopportunityto obviously in need of updating. At the lightest, correctafewminorerrorsintheoriginaledition. Acknowledgements Firstedition burtonandEdmundWeineroftheOxfordEnglish Dictionary. He learnt most, though, about the Many people have helped the editors to bring pleasure of words and food and many other thisvolumetocompletion.Theprojectitselfwas things,fromJuliaSwannell. first suggested by Mark Barragry of Routledge Barnard would like to thank Joy Barnard for and, at different times, we have been ably sup- putting up with his mild obsession for the bio- ported by Michelle Darraugh, Robert Potts and graphical details of long-dead anthropologists, SamanthaParkinsonoftheRoutledgeReference and for providing strength and the voice of Section.Friendsandcolleaguestoonumerousto common sense throughout the long hours the mention have withstood our many casual project has required. Corrie and Buster added requests for advice and support, not to mention the calm atmosphere that only cats can create, contributions – some of which have been pro- while Jake the labrador was as long-suffering as vided under heroic pressures of time and space. hewasbemusedbyitall.Barnard hasbenefited Our editorial board has also been a source of much from discussions with his students too, sound advice and ideas. The Department of especially those in ‘Anthropological Theory’. SocialAnthropology inEdinburghhas provided Their repeated request for a work of this kind space,calmand,inthefinalstagesofthework,a has, weboth hope, now been met withasource smokinglaser-printer.Atdifferenttimeswehave that both embodies their inspirations and serves been helped there by Francis Watkins, Colin theirintellectualdesires. Millard, Sandra Brown and especially Joni Wilson–allpastorpresentPhDstudents inthe Secondedition department. Colin Millard and Robert Gibb, together with the editors, translated contribu- The idea of a second edition for the Encyclope- tions from the French. We have been especially dia was first put to us by Gerard Greenaway, fortunate to work with Alan McIntosh who has and then enthusiastically supported by Lesley broughtararecombinationofskill,patienceand Riddle, anthropology editor at Routledge. good advice to the copy-editing and indexing of Lesley saw the project through, from signing thisbook the contract to submission of the final manu- The editors have other, more personal debts script, ably supported by Lalle Pursglove. We to acknowledge. For Spencer, Janet Carsten has are hugely grateful to our editorial board for beenasourceofamusedtoleranceastheproject the careful reading they gave the original edi- drifted out of control, while Jessica Spencer tion and the thoughtful suggestions they gave gleefully set it all back a few months. Spencer us for revisions. During the commissioning learnt a great deal of what he knows about lex- phase, Julene Knox handled the dealings with icography from John Simpson, Yvonne War- individual contributors with great skill and Acknowledgements xi cheerfulness. In the final phase of the project, course as grateful as ever to the other mem- Julie Hartley in Edinburgh imposed a degree bers of our households for their support and of administrative order on the proceedings, forebearance. again with considerable skill, and Jennifer Curtis did a superb job of updating selected Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer entries from the first edition. We are of Edinburgh, April 2009

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The Kindle edition of this encyclopedia does not have live links between the table of contents and the entries in the main text. Consequently it is impossible to look for an entry on a particular subject, which makes it rather useless as an encyclopedia. The publishers should figure out how to forma
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