Encyclopedia of Russian history

495 Pages·2004·13.09 MB·English

by  James R. Millar

E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
R
USSIAN HISTORY
EDITOR IN CHIEF
James R. Millar
George Washington University
SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Ann E. Robertson
George Washington University
EDITORIAL
BOARD ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Daniel H. Kaiser
Grinnell College
Louise McReynolds
University of Hawaii
Donald J. Raleigh
University of North Carolina
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
University of California, Berkeley
Ronald Grigor Suny
University of Chicago
ADVISORY BOARD
Marianna Tax Choldin
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Gregory L. Freeze
Brandeis University
Paul R. Gregory
University of Houston
Lindsey Hughes
University College London
Paul R. Josephson
Colby College
Janet L. B. Martin
University of Miami
Bruce W. Menning
U.S. Army Command and Staff College
Boris N. Mironov
Russian Academy of Science
Reginald E. Zelnik
University of California, Berkeley
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
R
USSIAN HISTORY
V O L U M E 4 : S - Z , I N D E X
JAMES R. MILLAR, EDITOR IN CHIEF
Encyclopedia of Russian History
James R. Millar
© 2004 by Macmillan Reference USA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Permissions Department
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Encyclopedia of Russian history / James R. Millar, editor in chief.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865693-8 (set hardcover) — ISBN 0-02-865694-6 (v. 1) —
ISBN 0-02-865695-4 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-02-865696-2 (v. 3) — ISBN
0-02-865697-0 (v. 4)
1. Russia—History—Encyclopedias. 2. Soviet
Union—History—Encyclopedias. 3. Russia
(Federation)—History—Encyclopedias. I. Millar, James R., 1936-
DK14.E53 2003
947’.003—dc21 2003014389
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-02-865907-4 (set)
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
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POWER,
POLITICS, &
TECHNOLOGY
A makeshift memorial stands before the
Chernobyl nuclear plant in Ukraine, 1992,
six years after the accident. Ironically, the
testing of security equipment triggered a
malfunction, blowing the roof off the reactor,
and causing the worst nuclear disaster in
history. © GROCHOWIAK EWA/CORBIS
1
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A N I L L U S T R A T E D R U S S I A N H I S T O R Y
Below:The Chernobyl nuclear plant, 1986,
six months after the accident. An estimated
3.5 million people continue to live in the
100,000-square-mile contaminated zone.
© AFP/CORBIS
2 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F RU S S I A N H I S T O RY
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A N I L L U S T R A T E D R U S S I A N H I S T O R Y
Top:A serviceman passes by an opened
SS-18 intercontinental ballistic multiple-
warhead Satan missile silo in the town of
Kartaly in Russian’s Chelyabinsky region,
August 16, 2002. Western intelligence
experts fear lax security at Russia’s 15,000
non-strategic tactical nuclear weapons sites
present a greater danger than an accidental
launch.© REUTERSNEWMEDIAINC./CORBIS
Middle:The Kursk nuclear submarine in its
mooring in the base of Vidyayevo. The Kursk
sank in the Barents Sea on August 12, 2000,
killing all 118 aboard. © AFP/CORBIS
Bottom:Deactivation of nuclear missiles
in Surovatikha, Russia, January, 1995.
Following the collapse of the USSR, Belarus,
Kazakhstan, and Ukraine surrendered all
the Soviet nuclear weapons stationed on
their soil to Moscow.© EPIX/ CORBIS
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A N I L L U S T R A T E D R U S S I A N H I S T O R Y
Top:Soviet troops parade through Palace
Square, Leningrad, under the watchful gaze
of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir
Lenin. The square was the starting point for
both the Revolution of 1905 (Bloody Sunday)
and the October Revolution in 1917.© ELIO
CIOL/CORBIS
Bottom:A unit of Soviet soldiers march in
Red Square on the 70th anniversary of the
Russian Revolution. Moscow, 1987. © PETER
TURNLEY/CORBIS
4 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F RU S S I A N H I S T O RY
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A N I L L U S T R A T E D R U S S I A N H I S T O R Y
Top left:The Russian Flag. Peter the Great
returned from the Netherlands with plans
for a Russian navy and introduced a tricolor
flag inspired by the Dutch flag. Originally
adopted as the national flag in 1799, the
tricolor returned in 1991 after the fall of
the Soviet Union.© ROYALTY-FREE/CORBIS
Below:Demonstrators take to the streets of
Moscow to defend democracy during the
anti-Gorbachev coup, August 1991. Key
Soviet leaders, including the vice president,
feared Gorbachev’s policy of democratiza-
tion would mean the end of the Soviet
Union, and their own power, and placed him
under house arrest. The coup was thwarted
by its planners’ incompetence, popular
resistance, and Russian President Boris
Yeltsin, who banned the Communist Party
from all Russian territory.© DAVID
TURNLEY/CORBIS
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F RU S S I A N H I S T O RY 5