Encyclopedia of renewable and sustainable materials PDF
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS EDITORS IN CHIEF Saleem Hashmi School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Imtiaz Ahmed Choudhury Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia VOLUME 1 (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEWYORK OXFORD (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) PARIS SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,CambridgeMA02139,UnitedStates Copyrightr2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybe notedherein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmayalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation, methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheir ownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationof anymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-12-813195-4 Forinformationonallpublicationsvisitour websiteathttp://store.elsevier.com Publisher:OliverWalter AcquisitionEditor:RuthRhodes ContentProjectManager:MichaelNicholls AssociateContentProjectManager:KshitijaIyer Designer:ChristianBilbow EDITORIAL BOARD Editors in Chief SaleemHashmi SchoolofMechanical&ManufacturingEngineering,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland ImtiazAhmedChoudhury DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia Section Editors EminBayraktar Supméca-InstitutsupérieurdemécaniquedeParis,Paris,France ImtiazAhmedChoudhury DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia DavidGrau SchoolofSustainableEngineeringandTheBuiltEnvironment,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona,UnitedStates JulfikarHaider DepartmentofEngineering,ManchesterMetropolitanUniversity,Manchester,UnitedKingdom MalekaHashmi CollegeofMedicineandVeterinaryMedicine,TheUniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom SaleemHashmi SchoolofMechanical&ManufacturingEngineering,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland GautamMajumdar DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata,India MdAbdulMaleque DepartmentofManufacturing&MaterialsEngineering,InternationalIslamicUniversityMalaysia,KualaLumpur,Malaysia HenkMetselaar DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia ZahidQamarSayyad MechanicalandIndustrialEngineeringDepartment,SultanQaboosUniversity,Muscat,Oman MadhumitaRoy DepartmentofArchitecture,JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata,India v LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1 Naeem Abas Hussein Badr University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan Cairo University, Giza, Egypt J. Abutu Swarup Bag Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India Hussam Achour Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Partha P. Bandyopadhyay Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, Inderpreet S. Ahuja India Punjabi University, Patiala, India Esther T. Akinlabi Partha S. Banerjee University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India M.Z. Akop Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Ahmad Baroutaji Melaka, Malaysia University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom Abed Alaswad Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Osama M. Basmage Kingdom Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Mohammed H. Alhaji Shibani Basu Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States Mahmoud Al-Kindi Ajay Batish Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman India Md. Abdullah Al Mamun Piyush Bedi Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, India Dhaka, Bangladesh and Punjabi University, Patiala, India Saeed S.I. AlMishal Shahida Begum British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt Univerisiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia Alla M. Alrefai Shahnur Begum Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland TFE Global Sdn Bhd, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Raid Alrefai Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Khaled Y. Benyounis University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya and Dublin Mohamed N.M. Ansari City University, Dublin, Ireland Univerisiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia Nurfaizey bin Abdul Hamid Remon Ashraf Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, Durian British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Ozgur Aslan Mohd Z. bin Akop Atilim University, Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, Durian Pranesh B. Aswath Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia University of Texas, Arlington, TX, United States Ghazali bin Omar M. Azuddin Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, Durian University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia vii viii List of Contributors toVolume 1 Mohd A. bin Salim Iman El-Mahallawi Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, Durian Cairo University, Giza, Egypt and British University in Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Egypt, Cairo, Egypt Noreffendy bin Tamaldin Khaled A. Eldressi Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, Durian University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Salah A. Elsheikhi Siti H. binti Sheikh Md. Fadzullah University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Hayat A. Eltawahni University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya Suyog Bodhankar Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India S.H. Sheikh Md. Fadzullah Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Kamaljit S. Boparai Melaka, Malaysia Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India Lorna Fitzsimons Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Arun C. Borsaikia Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Noriko Fujiwara India Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels, Belgium Dermot Brabazon Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Kishor K. Gajrani Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India Noel Brady Dublin School of Architecture, Dublin, Ireland Gaurav Gautam Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India Laltu Chandra Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, India Gourhari Ghosh H. Chin How Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia India Anirban Chowdhury Manojit Ghosh Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, India Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India Baron W. Colbert Engineering and Software Consultants Inc., Chantilly, Simranpreet S. Gill VA, United States Beant College of Engineering and Technology, Gurdaspur, India I.M. Dagwa University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria José González-Aguilar IMDEA Energy Institute, Móstoles, Spain Qingli Dai Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, Anne Gorman United States Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Lovelesh Dave Sandeep Gupta Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India Nebojša Denić Ercan Gurses University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara, Aboelkasim Diab Turkey Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt Aun Haider Uday S. Dixit University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Pakistan India Meor Othman Hamzah Antonello Durante Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Malaysia List of Contributorsto Volume 1 ix B.P. Hari Chandra Nasrullah Khan Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Hasanuzzaman Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Emmanuel Koukios Dhaka, Bangladesh National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Dimitrios Koullas Mohamed S.J. Hashmi National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Nikolaos Kourakos Mohammad Tosnimul Hassan National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Housing and Building Research Institute, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh Anup Kumar Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Anupama Hiremath India Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India Kundan Kumar Shahid Iqbal Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, India University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan Narendra Kumar Mohammad S. Islam Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, TFE Global Sdn Bhd, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Jhansi, India Mollah S. Islam Ranvijay Kumar Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, India Sarawak, Malaysia and Punjabi University, Patiala, India Ratko Ivković R.A. Lafia-Araga ALFA BK University, Belgrade, Serbia Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Kanu P. Jain John Lauder Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands Dublin School of Architecture, Dublin, Ireland S.A. Lawal Chin. Joo Tan Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Salvador Luque Azrieka Kamal IMDEA Energy Institute, Móstoles, Spain Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei-Muara, Brunei T.M.I. Mahlia Charikleia Karakosta University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Mussen L. Malcolm Lazaros Karaoglanoglou Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece O. Malik I. Kariim University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Darussalam Abu N.M. Karim M.R. Mansor Bluenergy Solutions Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia G.P. Karmakar Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Greg McNamara Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Amrita Kaurwar Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India Ankan Mishra Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Philip Kavanagh India Dublin School of Architecture, Dublin, Ireland Anita Mohan Adel K.H. Khalil Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt University), Varanasi, India
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