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Encyclopedia of religion PDF

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EOR2.tpgsV9 11/10/04 11:34 AM Page 1 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F R E L I G I O N SECOND EDITION EOR2.tpgsV9 11/10/04 11:34 AM Page 3 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F R E L I G I O N 9 SECOND EDITION MARY LINDSAY JONES • EDITOR IN CHIEF NDEMBU RELIGION eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page iv Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition Lindsay Jones, Editor in Chief © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The For permission to use material from this Since this page cannot legibly accommodate Thomson Corporation. product, submit your request via Web at all copyright notices, the acknowledgments http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you constitute an extension of the copyright Thomson, Star Logo and Macmillan Reference may download our Permissions Request form notice. USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered and submit your request by fax or mail to: trademark used herein under license. While every effort has been made to Permissions ensure the reliability of the information pre- For more information, contact Thomson Gale sented in this publication, Thomson Gale Macmillan Reference USA 27500 Drake Rd. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data An imprint of Thomson Gale Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 contained herein. Thomson Gale accepts no 27500 Drake Rd. Permissions Hotline: payment for listing; and inclusion in the pub- Farmington, Hills, MI 48331-3535 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 lication of any organization, agency, institu- Or you can visit our Internet site at Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 tion, publication, service, or individual does http://www.gale.com not imply endorsement of the editors or pub- lisher. Errors brought to the attention of the ALL RIGHTS RESERVED publisher and verified to the satisfaction of No part of this work covered by the copyright the publisher will be corrected in future hereon may be reproduced or used in any editions. form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, record- ing, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the writ- ten permission of the publisher. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Encyclopedia of religion / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief.— 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-02-865733-0 (SET HARDCOVER : ALK. PAPER)— ISBN 0-02-865734-9 (V. 1)— ISBN 0-02-865735-7 (v. 2)— ISBN 0-02-865736-5 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-02-865737-3 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-02-865738-1 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-02-865739-X (v. 6) — ISBN 0-02-865740-3 (v. 7) — ISBN 0-02-865741-1 (v. 8) — ISBN 0-02-865742-X (v. 9) — ISBN 0-02-865743-8 (v. 10) — ISBN 0-02-865980-5 (v. 11) — ISBN 0-02-865981-3 (v. 12) — ISBN 0-02-865982-1 (v. 13) — ISBN 0-02-865983-X (v. 14) — ISBN 0-02-865984-8 (v. 15) 1. RELIGION—ENCYCLOPEDIAS. I. JONES, LINDSAY, 1954- BL31.E46 2005 200’.3—dc22 2004017052 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-02-865997-X Contact your Thomson Gale representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page v E D I TO R S A N D C O N S U LTA N TS EDITOR INCHIEF Program in Religious Studies, SIGMAANKRAVA LINDSAYJONES University of Wisconsin—Madison Professor, Department of Literary and Associate Professor, Department of CHARLESH. LONG Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern Comparative Studies, Ohio State Professor of History of Religions, Languages, University of Latvia Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion University Emeritus, and Former Director of Research Center for Black Studies, DIANEAPOSTOLOS-CAPPADONA BOARDMEMBERS University of California, Santa Barbara Center for Muslim–Christian DAVÍDCARRASCO MARYN. MACDONALD Understanding and Liberal Studies Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of Program, Georgetown University Professor, History of Religions, Le Art and Religion Latin America, Divinity School and Moyne College (Syracuse, New York) Department of Anthropology, Harvard DIANEBELL University DALEB. MARTIN Professor of Anthropology and Women’s Professor of Religious Studies, and Studies, George Washington University GIOVANNICASADIO Chair, Department of Religious Australian Indigenous Religions Professor of History of Religions, Studies, Yale University Dipartimento di Scienze KEESW. BOLLE AZIMNANJI Professor Emeritus of History, dell’Antichità, Università degli Studi Professor and Director, The Institute University of California, Los Angeles, di Salerno of Ismaili Studies, London and Fellow, Netherlands Institute for WENDYDONIGER JACOBOLUPONA Advanced Studies in the Humanities Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor, African American and and Social Sciences Professor of the History of Religions, African Studies Program, University History of Religions University of Chicago of California, Davis MARKCSIKSZENTMIHALYI GARYL. EBERSOLE MICHAELSWARTZ Associate Professor in the Department Professor of History and Religious Professor of Hebrew and Religious of East Asian Languages and Studies, and Director, UMKC Center Studies, Ohio State University Literature and the Program in Religious Studies, University of for Religious Studies, University of INÉSTALAMANTEZ Wisconsin—Madison Missouri—Kansas City Associate Professor, Religious Studies Chinese Religions JANETGYATSO Department, University of California, Santa Barbara RICHARDA. GARDNER Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies, Faculty of Comparative Culture, The Divinity School, Harvard Sophia University CONSULTANTS University Humor and Religion GREGORYD. ALLES CHARLESHALLISEY Associate Professor of Religious Studies, JOHNA. GRIM Associate Professor, Department of McDaniel College Professor of Religion, Bucknell Languages and Cultures of Asia and Study of Religion University and Co-Coordinator, v eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page vi vi EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS Harvard Forum on Religion and TEDPETERS Religion, University of Chicago Ecology Professor of Systematic Theology, Law and Religion Ecology and Religion Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary TODSWANSON JOSEPHHARRIS and the Center for Theology and the Associate Professor of Religious Studies, Francis Lee Higginson Professor of Natural Sciences at the Graduate and Director, Center for Latin English Literature and Professor of Theological Union, Berkeley, American Studies, Arizona State Folklore, Harvard University California University Germanic Religions Science and Religion South American Religions URSULAKING FRANKE. REYNOLDS Professor Emerita, Senior Research Professor of the History of Religions MARYEVELYNTUCKER Professor of Religion, Bucknell Fellow and Associate Member of the and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity Institute for Advanced Studies, School and the Department of South University, Founder and Coordinator, University of Bristol, England, and Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard Forum on Religion and Professorial Research Associate, Centre Emeritus, University of Chicago Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard for Gender and Religions Research, History of Religions Yenching Institute, Research Associate, School of Oriental and African GONZALORUBIO Harvard Reischauer Institute of Studies, University of London Assistant Professor, Department of Japanese Studies Gender and Religion Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Ecology and Religion DAVIDMORGAN Studies and Department of History HUGHB. URBAN Duesenberg Professor of Christianity and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania Associate Professor, Department of and the Arts, and State University Comparative Studies, Ohio State Ancient Near Eastern Religions Professor of Humanities and Art University History, Valparaiso University SUSANSERED Politics and Religion Color Inserts and Essays Director of Research, Religion, Health CATHERINEWESSINGER JOSEPHF. NAGY and Healing Initiative, Center for the Professor of the History of Religions Professor, Department of English, Study of World Religions, Harvard and Women’s Studies, Loyola University of California, Los Angeles University, and Senior Research University New Orleans Celtic Religion Associate, Center for Women’s Health New Religious Movements and Human Rights, Suffolk University MATTHEWOJO Healing, Medicine, and Religion ROBERTA. YELLE Obafemi Awolowo University African Religions LAWRENCEE. SULLIVAN Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University Professor, Department of Theology, of Toronto JUHAPENTIKÄINEN University of Notre Dame Law and Religion Professor of Comparative Religion, The History of Religions University of Helsinki, Member of ERICZIOLKOWSKI Academia Scientiarum Fennica, WINNIFREDFALLERSSULLIVAN Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious Finland Dean of Students and Senior Lecturer Studies, Lafayette College Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions in the Anthropology and Sociology of Literature and Religion ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page vii A B B R EV I AT I O N S A N D S Y M B O L S U S E D I N T H I S WO R K abbr.abbreviated; abbreviation 3 Bar.3 Baruch 2 Chr.2 Chronicles abr.abridged; abridgment 4 Bar.4 Baruch Ch. Slav.Church Slavic ADanno Domini,in the year of the B.B.BavaDbatraD cmcentimeters (our) Lord BBCBritish Broadcasting col.column (pl., cols.) Afrik.Afrikaans Corporation Col.Colossians AHanno Hegirae,in the year of the BCbefore Christ Colo.Colorado Hijrah BCEbefore the common era comp.compiler (pl., comps.) Akk.Akkadian B.D.Bachelor of Divinity Conn.Connecticut Ala.Alabama Beits.Beitsah cont.continued Alb.Albanian Bekh.Bekhorot Copt.Coptic Am.Amos Beng.Bengali 1 Cor. 1 Corinthians AMante meridiem,before noon Ber.Berakhot 2 Cor.2 Corinthians amend.amended; amendment Berb.Berber corr.corrected annot.annotated; annotation Bik.Bikkurim C.S.P.Congregatio Sancti Pauli, Ap.Apocalypse bk.book (pl., bks.) Congregation of Saint Paul Apn.Apocryphon B.M.BavaDmetsiEaD (Paulists) app.appendix BPbefore the present d.died Arab.Arabic B.Q.BavaDqammaD DDeuteronomic (source of the EArakh.EArakhin Bra¯h.Bra¯hman.a Pentateuch) Aram.Aramaic Bret.Breton Dan.Danish Ariz.Arizona B.T.Babylonian Talmud D.B.Divinitatis Baccalaureus, Ark.Arkansas Bulg.Bulgarian Bachelor of Divinity Arm.Armenian Burm.Burmese D.C.District of Columbia art.article (pl., arts.) c.circa,about, approximately D.D.Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of ASAnglo-Saxon Calif.California Divinity Asm. Mos.Assumption of Moses Can.Canaanite Del.Delaware Assyr.Assyrian Catal.Catalan Dem.DemaDi A.S.S.R.Autonomous Soviet Socialist CEof the common era dim.diminutive Republic Celt.Celtic diss.dissertation Av.Avestan cf.confer,compare Dn.Daniel EA.Z.EAvodah zarah Chald.Chaldean D.Phil.Doctor of Philosophy b.born chap.chapter (pl., chaps.) Dt.Deuteronomy Bab.Babylonian Chin.Chinese Du.Dutch Ban.Bantu C.H.M.Community of the Holy EElohist (source of the Pentateuch) 1 Bar.1 Baruch Myrrhbearers Eccl.Ecclesiastes 2 Bar.2 Baruch 1 Chr.1 Chronicles ed.editor (pl., eds.); edition; edited by vii eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page viii viii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS EEduy.EEduyyot Hung.Hungarian Lith.Lithuanian e.g.exempli gratia,for example ibid.ibidem,in the same place (as the Lk.Luke Egyp.Egyptian one immediately preceding) LLLate Latin 1 En.1 Enoch Icel.Icelandic LL.D.Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws 2 En.2 Enoch i.e.id est,that is Lv.Leviticus 3 En.3 Enoch IEIndo-European mmeters Eng.English Ill.Illinois m.masculine enl.enlarged Ind.Indiana M.A.Master of Arts Eph.Ephesians intro.introduction Ma EEas.MaEaserot EEruv.EEruvin Ir. Gael.Irish Gaelic Ma Eas. Sh.MaEaser sheni 1 Esd.1 Esdras Iran.Iranian Mak.Makkot 2 Esd.2 Esdras Is.Isaiah Makh.Makhshirin 3 Esd.3 Esdras Ital.Italian Mal.Malachi 4 Esd.4 Esdras JYahvist (source of the Pentateuch) Mar.Marathi esp.especially Jas.James Mass.Massachusetts Est.Estonian Jav.Javanese 1 Mc.1 Maccabees Est.Esther Jb.Job 2 Mc.2 Maccabees et al.et alii,and others Jdt.Judith 3 Mc.3 Maccabees etc.et cetera,and so forth Jer.Jeremiah 4 Mc.4 Maccabees Eth.Ethiopic Jgs.Judges Md.Maryland EVEnglish version Jl.Joel M.D.Medicinae Doctor, Doctor of Ex.Exodus Jn.John Medicine exp.expanded 1 Jn.1 John MEMiddle English Ez.Ezekiel 2 Jn.2 John Meg.Megillah Ezr.Ezra 3 Jn.3 John Me Eil.MeEilah 2 Ezr.2 Ezra Jon.Jonah Men.Menah.ot 4 Ezr.4 Ezra Jos.Joshua MHGMiddle High German f.feminine; and following (pl., ff.) Jpn.Japanese mi.miles fasc.fascicle (pl., fascs.) JPSJewish Publication Society trans- Mi.Micah fig.figure (pl., figs.) lation (1985) of the Hebrew Bible Mich.Michigan Finn.Finnish J.T.Jerusalem Talmud Mid.Middot fl.floruit,flourished Jub.Jubilees Minn.Minnesota Fla.Florida Kans.Kansas Miq.MiqvaDot Fr.French Kel.Kelim MIran.Middle Iranian frag.fragment Ker.Keritot Miss.Mississippi ft.feet Ket.Ketubbot Mk.Mark Ga.Georgia 1 Kgs.1 Kings Mo.Missouri Gal.Galatians 2 Kgs.2 Kings MoEed Q.MoEed qa.tan Gaul.Gaulish Khois.Khoisan Mont.Montana Ger.German Kil.KilDayim MPers.Middle Persian Git..Gi.t.tin kmkilometers MS.manuscriptum,manuscript (pl., Gn.Genesis Kor.Korean MSS) Gr.Greek Ky.Kentucky Mt.Matthew H. ag.H.agigah l.line (pl., ll.) MTMasoretic text H. al.H.allah La.Louisiana n.note Hau.Hausa Lam.Lamentations Na.Nahum Hb.Habakkuk Lat.Latin Nah.Nahuatl Heb.Hebrew Latv.Latvian Naz.Nazir Heb.Hebrews L. en Th.Licencié en Théologie, N.B.nota bene,take careful note Hg.Haggai Licentiate in Theology N.C.North Carolina Hitt.Hittite L. ès L.Licencié ès Lettres, Licentiate n.d.no date Hor.Horayot in Literature N.Dak.North Dakota Hos.Hosea Let. Jer.Letter of Jeremiah NEBNew English Bible H. ul.H.ullin lit.literally Nebr.Nebraska ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page ix ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ix Ned.Nedarim pop.population sp.species (pl., spp.) Neg.NegaEim Port.Portuguese Span.Spanish Neh.Nehemiah Prv.Proverbs sq.square Nev.Nevada Ps.Psalms S.S.R.Soviet Socialist Republic N.H.New Hampshire Ps. 151Psalm 151 st.stanza (pl., ss.) Nid.Niddah Ps. Sol.Psalms of Solomon S.T.M.Sacrae Theologiae Magister, N.J.New Jersey pt.part (pl., pts.) Master of Sacred Theology Nm.Numbers 1Pt.1 Peter Suk.Sukkah N.Mex.New Mexico 2 Pt.2 Peter Sum.Sumerian no.number (pl., nos.) Pth.Parthian supp.supplement; supplementary Nor.Norwegian Qhypothetical source of the synoptic Sus.Susanna n.p.no place Gospels s.v.sub verbo,under the word (pl., n.s.new series Qid.Qiddushin s.v.v.) N.Y.New York Qin.Qinnim Swed.Swedish Ob.Obadiah r.reigned; ruled Syr.Syriac O.Cist.Ordo Cisterciencium, Order Rab.Rabbah Syr. Men.Syriac Menander of Cîteaux (Cistercians) rev.revised TaEan.TaEanit OCSOld Church Slavonic R. ha-Sh.RoDsh ha-shanah Tam.Tamil OEOld English R.I.Rhode Island Tam.Tamid O.F.M.Ordo Fratrum Minorum, Rom.Romanian Tb.Tobit Order of Friars Minor Rom.Romans T.D.Taish¯oshinshu¯ daiz¯oky¯o,edited (Franciscans) R.S.C.J.Societas Sacratissimi Cordis by Takakusu Junjiro¯ et al. OFr.Old French Jesu, Religious of the Sacred Heart (Tokyo,1922–1934) Ohal.Ohalot RSVRevised Standard Version of the Tem.Temurah OHGOld High German Bible Tenn.Tennessee OIr.Old Irish Ru.Ruth Ter.Terumot OIran.Old Iranian Rus.Russian T.ev. Y.T.evul yom Okla.Oklahoma Rv.Revelation Tex.Texas ONOld Norse Rv. Ezr.Revelation of Ezra Th.D.Theologicae Doctor, Doctor of O.P.Ordo Praedicatorum, Order of San.Sanhedrin Theology Preachers (Dominicans) S.C.South Carolina 1 Thes.1 Thessalonians OPers.Old Persian Scot. Gael.Scottish Gaelic 2 Thes.2 Thessalonians op. cit.opere citato,in the work cited S.Dak.South Dakota Thrac.Thracian OPrus.Old Prussian sec.section (pl., secs.) Ti.Titus Oreg.Oregon Sem.Semitic Tib.Tibetan EOrl.EOrlah ser.series 1 Tm.1 Timothy O.S.B.Ordo Sancti Benedicti, Order sg.singular 2 Tm.2 Timothy of Saint Benedict (Benedictines) Sg.Song of Songs T. of 12Testaments of the Twelve p.page (pl., pp.) Sg. of 3Prayer of Azariah and the Patriarchs PPriestly (source of the Pentateuch) Song of the Three Young Men T.oh..tohorot Pa.Pennsylvania Shab.Shabbat Tong.Tongan Pahl.Pahlavi Shav.ShavuEot trans.translator, translators; translated Par.Parah Sheq.Sheqalim by; translation para.paragraph (pl., paras.) Sib. Or.Sibylline Oracles Turk.Turkish Pers.Persian Sind.Sindhi Ukr.Ukrainian Pes.Pesahim Sinh.Sinhala Upan.Upani.sad Ph.D.Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor Sir.Ben Sira U.S.United States of Philosophy S.J.Societas Jesu, Society of Jesus U.S.S.R.Union of Soviet Socialist Phil.Philippians (Jesuits) Republics Phlm.Philemon Skt.Sanskrit Uqts.Uqtsin Phoen.Phoenician 1 Sm.1 Samuel v.verse (pl., vv.) pl.plural; plate (pl., pls.) 2 Sm.2 Samuel Va.Virginia PMpost meridiem,after noon Sogd.Sogdian var.variant; variation Pol.Polish Sot..So.tah Viet.Vietnamese ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page x x ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS viz.videlicet,namely Yad.Yadayim *hypothetical vol.volume (pl., vols.) Yev.Yevamot ?uncertain; possibly; perhaps Vt.Vermont Yi.Yiddish °degrees Wash.Washington Yor.Yoruba +plus Wel.Welsh Zav.Zavim –minus Wis.Wisconsin Zec.Zechariah =equals; is equivalent to Wis.Wisdom of Solomon Zep.Zephaniah ×by; multiplied by W.Va.West Virginia Zev.Zevah.im →yields Wyo.Wyoming ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION volume nine e f f i c a c i o u s E F F I C A C I O U S I M A G E S i m a g e s As odd or superstitious as it may appear to a scientific, secu- lar view of nature, many religious images and objects are capable of great efficacy and able to protect against evil or misfortune, promote prosperity, heal illness, prompt fecundity, communicate favorably with the dead, or secure divine blessing. In fact, it may even be that such purposes constitute the greatest occasion for images in religious life. The reasons for attributing this kind of power to images or sculptures are as diverse as the psychological and sociologi- cal models for explaining their appeal. To those engaged in the visual practices of efficacious images, the reason is probably straightforward: properly crafted and con- secrated, images are connected by virtue of tradition, ritual, and likeness to the realities to which they refer. They direct devotion, petition, and desire toward their intended end. And when that end is not achieved, it is not due to the failure of the image as a metaphysical device, but to the inappropriate ritual preparation of the image or the petitioner, or to the intervention of another will, human or divine. Even failure affirms the cultural system of efficacy—in the same way that a failed bridge does not move people in an industrial society to scrap bridge-mak- ing, but to reapply the principles of engineering and the methods of construction to create a more reliable bridge. The horrific appearance of the Hindu goddess Kālī in the sculptural relief shown here (a) does not generate fear or revulsion toward the goddess among the faithful who bring their petitions and children before the image. Her fearsome countenance and brutal disemboweling of a figure actually suggest her vicious treatment of the evil afflicting those brought to her for healing, who will (a) A family views a sculpture of Kālī, a Hindu goddess, Kaalo Bhairab, Kathmandu, Nepal. [©Macduff Everton/Corbis] ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION VV99..iinndddd 11 1100//1188//0044 44::5566::2233 PPMM

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