Encyclopedia of religion

714 Pages·2005·10.489 MB·English

by  Lindsay Jones

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E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
R E L I G I O N
SECOND EDITION
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E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
R E L I G I O N
9
SECOND EDITION
MARY LINDSAY JONES
• EDITOR IN CHIEF
NDEMBU
RELIGION
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Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition
Lindsay Jones, Editor in Chief
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Encyclopedia of religion / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief.— 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865733-0 (SET HARDCOVER : ALK. PAPER)—
ISBN 0-02-865734-9 (V. 1)— ISBN 0-02-865735-7 (v. 2)—
ISBN 0-02-865736-5 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-02-865737-3 (v. 4) —
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(v. 14) — ISBN 0-02-865984-8 (v. 15)
1. RELIGION—ENCYCLOPEDIAS. I. JONES, LINDSAY,
1954-
BL31.E46 2005
200’.3—dc22 2004017052
This title is also available as an e-book.
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E D I TO R S A N D C O N S U LTA N TS
EDITOR INCHIEF Program in Religious Studies, SIGMAANKRAVA
LINDSAYJONES University of Wisconsin—Madison Professor, Department of Literary and
Associate Professor, Department of CHARLESH. LONG Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern
Comparative Studies, Ohio State Professor of History of Religions, Languages, University of Latvia
Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion
University Emeritus, and Former Director of
Research Center for Black Studies, DIANEAPOSTOLOS-CAPPADONA
BOARDMEMBERS University of California, Santa Barbara Center for Muslim–Christian
DAVÍDCARRASCO MARYN. MACDONALD Understanding and Liberal Studies
Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of Program, Georgetown University
Professor, History of Religions, Le
Art and Religion
Latin America, Divinity School and
Moyne College (Syracuse, New York)
Department of Anthropology, Harvard DIANEBELL
University DALEB. MARTIN Professor of Anthropology and Women’s
Professor of Religious Studies, and
Studies, George Washington University
GIOVANNICASADIO Chair, Department of Religious
Australian Indigenous Religions
Professor of History of Religions, Studies, Yale University
Dipartimento di Scienze KEESW. BOLLE
AZIMNANJI Professor Emeritus of History,
dell’Antichità, Università degli Studi
Professor and Director, The Institute
University of California, Los Angeles,
di Salerno of Ismaili Studies, London
and Fellow, Netherlands Institute for
WENDYDONIGER JACOBOLUPONA Advanced Studies in the Humanities
Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor, African American and and Social Sciences
Professor of the History of Religions, African Studies Program, University History of Religions
University of Chicago of California, Davis MARKCSIKSZENTMIHALYI
GARYL. EBERSOLE MICHAELSWARTZ Associate Professor in the Department
Professor of History and Religious Professor of Hebrew and Religious of East Asian Languages and
Studies, and Director, UMKC Center Studies, Ohio State University Literature and the Program in
Religious Studies, University of
for Religious Studies, University of INÉSTALAMANTEZ
Wisconsin—Madison
Missouri—Kansas City Associate Professor, Religious Studies
Chinese Religions
JANETGYATSO Department, University of California,
Santa Barbara RICHARDA. GARDNER
Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies,
Faculty of Comparative Culture,
The Divinity School, Harvard
Sophia University
CONSULTANTS
University Humor and Religion
GREGORYD. ALLES
CHARLESHALLISEY Associate Professor of Religious Studies, JOHNA. GRIM
Associate Professor, Department of McDaniel College Professor of Religion, Bucknell
Languages and Cultures of Asia and Study of Religion University and Co-Coordinator,
v
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vi EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS
Harvard Forum on Religion and TEDPETERS Religion, University of Chicago
Ecology Professor of Systematic Theology, Law and Religion
Ecology and Religion Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary
TODSWANSON
JOSEPHHARRIS and the Center for Theology and the Associate Professor of Religious Studies,
Francis Lee Higginson Professor of Natural Sciences at the Graduate and Director, Center for Latin
English Literature and Professor of Theological Union, Berkeley,
American Studies, Arizona State
Folklore, Harvard University California
University
Germanic Religions Science and Religion
South American Religions
URSULAKING FRANKE. REYNOLDS
Professor Emerita, Senior Research Professor of the History of Religions MARYEVELYNTUCKER
Professor of Religion, Bucknell
Fellow and Associate Member of the and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity
Institute for Advanced Studies, School and the Department of South University, Founder and Coordinator,
University of Bristol, England, and Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard Forum on Religion and
Professorial Research Associate, Centre Emeritus, University of Chicago Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard
for Gender and Religions Research, History of Religions Yenching Institute, Research Associate,
School of Oriental and African GONZALORUBIO Harvard Reischauer Institute of
Studies, University of London Assistant Professor, Department of Japanese Studies
Gender and Religion Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Ecology and Religion
DAVIDMORGAN Studies and Department of History HUGHB. URBAN
Duesenberg Professor of Christianity and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania Associate Professor, Department of
and the Arts, and State University Comparative Studies, Ohio State
Ancient Near Eastern Religions
Professor of Humanities and Art University
History, Valparaiso University SUSANSERED Politics and Religion
Color Inserts and Essays Director of Research, Religion, Health
CATHERINEWESSINGER
JOSEPHF. NAGY and Healing Initiative, Center for the Professor of the History of Religions
Professor, Department of English, Study of World Religions, Harvard
and Women’s Studies, Loyola
University of California, Los Angeles University, and Senior Research
University New Orleans
Celtic Religion Associate, Center for Women’s Health
New Religious Movements
and Human Rights, Suffolk University
MATTHEWOJO
Healing, Medicine, and Religion ROBERTA. YELLE
Obafemi Awolowo University
African Religions LAWRENCEE. SULLIVAN Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University
Professor, Department of Theology, of Toronto
JUHAPENTIKÄINEN
University of Notre Dame Law and Religion
Professor of Comparative Religion, The
History of Religions
University of Helsinki, Member of ERICZIOLKOWSKI
Academia Scientiarum Fennica, WINNIFREDFALLERSSULLIVAN Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious
Finland Dean of Students and Senior Lecturer Studies, Lafayette College
Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions in the Anthropology and Sociology of Literature and Religion
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
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A B B R EV I AT I O N S A N D S Y M B O L S
U S E D I N T H I S WO R K
abbr.abbreviated; abbreviation 3 Bar.3 Baruch 2 Chr.2 Chronicles
abr.abridged; abridgment 4 Bar.4 Baruch Ch. Slav.Church Slavic
ADanno Domini,in the year of the B.B.BavaDbatraD cmcentimeters
(our) Lord BBCBritish Broadcasting col.column (pl., cols.)
Afrik.Afrikaans Corporation Col.Colossians
AHanno Hegirae,in the year of the BCbefore Christ Colo.Colorado
Hijrah BCEbefore the common era comp.compiler (pl., comps.)
Akk.Akkadian B.D.Bachelor of Divinity Conn.Connecticut
Ala.Alabama Beits.Beitsah cont.continued
Alb.Albanian Bekh.Bekhorot Copt.Coptic
Am.Amos Beng.Bengali 1 Cor. 1 Corinthians
AMante meridiem,before noon Ber.Berakhot 2 Cor.2 Corinthians
amend.amended; amendment Berb.Berber corr.corrected
annot.annotated; annotation Bik.Bikkurim C.S.P.Congregatio Sancti Pauli,
Ap.Apocalypse bk.book (pl., bks.) Congregation of Saint Paul
Apn.Apocryphon B.M.BavaDmetsiEaD (Paulists)
app.appendix BPbefore the present d.died
Arab.Arabic B.Q.BavaDqammaD DDeuteronomic (source of the
EArakh.EArakhin Bra¯h.Bra¯hman.a Pentateuch)
Aram.Aramaic Bret.Breton Dan.Danish
Ariz.Arizona B.T.Babylonian Talmud D.B.Divinitatis Baccalaureus,
Ark.Arkansas Bulg.Bulgarian Bachelor of Divinity
Arm.Armenian Burm.Burmese D.C.District of Columbia
art.article (pl., arts.) c.circa,about, approximately D.D.Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of
ASAnglo-Saxon Calif.California Divinity
Asm. Mos.Assumption of Moses Can.Canaanite Del.Delaware
Assyr.Assyrian Catal.Catalan Dem.DemaDi
A.S.S.R.Autonomous Soviet Socialist CEof the common era dim.diminutive
Republic Celt.Celtic diss.dissertation
Av.Avestan cf.confer,compare Dn.Daniel
EA.Z.EAvodah zarah Chald.Chaldean D.Phil.Doctor of Philosophy
b.born chap.chapter (pl., chaps.) Dt.Deuteronomy
Bab.Babylonian Chin.Chinese Du.Dutch
Ban.Bantu C.H.M.Community of the Holy EElohist (source of the Pentateuch)
1 Bar.1 Baruch Myrrhbearers Eccl.Ecclesiastes
2 Bar.2 Baruch 1 Chr.1 Chronicles ed.editor (pl., eds.); edition; edited by
vii
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viii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
EEduy.EEduyyot Hung.Hungarian Lith.Lithuanian
e.g.exempli gratia,for example ibid.ibidem,in the same place (as the Lk.Luke
Egyp.Egyptian one immediately preceding) LLLate Latin
1 En.1 Enoch Icel.Icelandic LL.D.Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws
2 En.2 Enoch i.e.id est,that is Lv.Leviticus
3 En.3 Enoch IEIndo-European mmeters
Eng.English Ill.Illinois m.masculine
enl.enlarged Ind.Indiana M.A.Master of Arts
Eph.Ephesians intro.introduction Ma EEas.MaEaserot
EEruv.EEruvin Ir. Gael.Irish Gaelic Ma Eas. Sh.MaEaser sheni
1 Esd.1 Esdras Iran.Iranian Mak.Makkot
2 Esd.2 Esdras Is.Isaiah Makh.Makhshirin
3 Esd.3 Esdras Ital.Italian Mal.Malachi
4 Esd.4 Esdras JYahvist (source of the Pentateuch) Mar.Marathi
esp.especially Jas.James Mass.Massachusetts
Est.Estonian Jav.Javanese 1 Mc.1 Maccabees
Est.Esther Jb.Job 2 Mc.2 Maccabees
et al.et alii,and others Jdt.Judith 3 Mc.3 Maccabees
etc.et cetera,and so forth Jer.Jeremiah 4 Mc.4 Maccabees
Eth.Ethiopic Jgs.Judges Md.Maryland
EVEnglish version Jl.Joel M.D.Medicinae Doctor, Doctor of
Ex.Exodus Jn.John Medicine
exp.expanded 1 Jn.1 John MEMiddle English
Ez.Ezekiel 2 Jn.2 John Meg.Megillah
Ezr.Ezra 3 Jn.3 John Me Eil.MeEilah
2 Ezr.2 Ezra Jon.Jonah Men.Menah.ot
4 Ezr.4 Ezra Jos.Joshua MHGMiddle High German
f.feminine; and following (pl., ff.) Jpn.Japanese mi.miles
fasc.fascicle (pl., fascs.) JPSJewish Publication Society trans- Mi.Micah
fig.figure (pl., figs.) lation (1985) of the Hebrew Bible Mich.Michigan
Finn.Finnish J.T.Jerusalem Talmud Mid.Middot
fl.floruit,flourished Jub.Jubilees Minn.Minnesota
Fla.Florida Kans.Kansas Miq.MiqvaDot
Fr.French Kel.Kelim MIran.Middle Iranian
frag.fragment Ker.Keritot Miss.Mississippi
ft.feet Ket.Ketubbot Mk.Mark
Ga.Georgia 1 Kgs.1 Kings Mo.Missouri
Gal.Galatians 2 Kgs.2 Kings MoEed Q.MoEed qa.tan
Gaul.Gaulish Khois.Khoisan Mont.Montana
Ger.German Kil.KilDayim MPers.Middle Persian
Git..Gi.t.tin kmkilometers MS.manuscriptum,manuscript (pl.,
Gn.Genesis Kor.Korean MSS)
Gr.Greek Ky.Kentucky Mt.Matthew
H. ag.H.agigah l.line (pl., ll.) MTMasoretic text
H. al.H.allah La.Louisiana n.note
Hau.Hausa Lam.Lamentations Na.Nahum
Hb.Habakkuk Lat.Latin Nah.Nahuatl
Heb.Hebrew Latv.Latvian Naz.Nazir
Heb.Hebrews L. en Th.Licencié en Théologie, N.B.nota bene,take careful note
Hg.Haggai Licentiate in Theology N.C.North Carolina
Hitt.Hittite L. ès L.Licencié ès Lettres, Licentiate n.d.no date
Hor.Horayot in Literature N.Dak.North Dakota
Hos.Hosea Let. Jer.Letter of Jeremiah NEBNew English Bible
H. ul.H.ullin lit.literally Nebr.Nebraska
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ix
Ned.Nedarim pop.population sp.species (pl., spp.)
Neg.NegaEim Port.Portuguese Span.Spanish
Neh.Nehemiah Prv.Proverbs sq.square
Nev.Nevada Ps.Psalms S.S.R.Soviet Socialist Republic
N.H.New Hampshire Ps. 151Psalm 151 st.stanza (pl., ss.)
Nid.Niddah Ps. Sol.Psalms of Solomon S.T.M.Sacrae Theologiae Magister,
N.J.New Jersey pt.part (pl., pts.) Master of Sacred Theology
Nm.Numbers 1Pt.1 Peter Suk.Sukkah
N.Mex.New Mexico 2 Pt.2 Peter Sum.Sumerian
no.number (pl., nos.) Pth.Parthian supp.supplement; supplementary
Nor.Norwegian Qhypothetical source of the synoptic Sus.Susanna
n.p.no place Gospels s.v.sub verbo,under the word (pl.,
n.s.new series Qid.Qiddushin s.v.v.)
N.Y.New York Qin.Qinnim Swed.Swedish
Ob.Obadiah r.reigned; ruled Syr.Syriac
O.Cist.Ordo Cisterciencium, Order Rab.Rabbah Syr. Men.Syriac Menander
of Cîteaux (Cistercians) rev.revised TaEan.TaEanit
OCSOld Church Slavonic R. ha-Sh.RoDsh ha-shanah Tam.Tamil
OEOld English R.I.Rhode Island Tam.Tamid
O.F.M.Ordo Fratrum Minorum, Rom.Romanian Tb.Tobit
Order of Friars Minor Rom.Romans T.D.Taish¯oshinshu¯ daiz¯oky¯o,edited
(Franciscans) R.S.C.J.Societas Sacratissimi Cordis by Takakusu Junjiro¯ et al.
OFr.Old French Jesu, Religious of the Sacred Heart (Tokyo,1922–1934)
Ohal.Ohalot RSVRevised Standard Version of the Tem.Temurah
OHGOld High German Bible Tenn.Tennessee
OIr.Old Irish Ru.Ruth Ter.Terumot
OIran.Old Iranian Rus.Russian T.ev. Y.T.evul yom
Okla.Oklahoma Rv.Revelation Tex.Texas
ONOld Norse Rv. Ezr.Revelation of Ezra Th.D.Theologicae Doctor, Doctor of
O.P.Ordo Praedicatorum, Order of San.Sanhedrin Theology
Preachers (Dominicans) S.C.South Carolina 1 Thes.1 Thessalonians
OPers.Old Persian Scot. Gael.Scottish Gaelic 2 Thes.2 Thessalonians
op. cit.opere citato,in the work cited S.Dak.South Dakota Thrac.Thracian
OPrus.Old Prussian sec.section (pl., secs.) Ti.Titus
Oreg.Oregon Sem.Semitic Tib.Tibetan
EOrl.EOrlah ser.series 1 Tm.1 Timothy
O.S.B.Ordo Sancti Benedicti, Order sg.singular 2 Tm.2 Timothy
of Saint Benedict (Benedictines) Sg.Song of Songs T. of 12Testaments of the Twelve
p.page (pl., pp.) Sg. of 3Prayer of Azariah and the Patriarchs
PPriestly (source of the Pentateuch) Song of the Three Young Men T.oh..tohorot
Pa.Pennsylvania Shab.Shabbat Tong.Tongan
Pahl.Pahlavi Shav.ShavuEot trans.translator, translators; translated
Par.Parah Sheq.Sheqalim by; translation
para.paragraph (pl., paras.) Sib. Or.Sibylline Oracles Turk.Turkish
Pers.Persian Sind.Sindhi Ukr.Ukrainian
Pes.Pesahim Sinh.Sinhala Upan.Upani.sad
Ph.D.Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor Sir.Ben Sira U.S.United States
of Philosophy S.J.Societas Jesu, Society of Jesus U.S.S.R.Union of Soviet Socialist
Phil.Philippians (Jesuits) Republics
Phlm.Philemon Skt.Sanskrit Uqts.Uqtsin
Phoen.Phoenician 1 Sm.1 Samuel v.verse (pl., vv.)
pl.plural; plate (pl., pls.) 2 Sm.2 Samuel Va.Virginia
PMpost meridiem,after noon Sogd.Sogdian var.variant; variation
Pol.Polish Sot..So.tah Viet.Vietnamese
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
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x ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
viz.videlicet,namely Yad.Yadayim *hypothetical
vol.volume (pl., vols.) Yev.Yevamot ?uncertain; possibly; perhaps
Vt.Vermont Yi.Yiddish °degrees
Wash.Washington Yor.Yoruba +plus
Wel.Welsh Zav.Zavim –minus
Wis.Wisconsin Zec.Zechariah =equals; is equivalent to
Wis.Wisdom of Solomon Zep.Zephaniah ×by; multiplied by
W.Va.West Virginia Zev.Zevah.im →yields
Wyo.Wyoming
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
volume nine
e
f f i c a c i o u s
E F F I C A C I O U S I M A G E S
i m a g e s
As odd or superstitious as it may appear to a scientific, secu-
lar view of nature, many religious images and objects are
capable of great efficacy and able to protect against evil or misfortune, promote
prosperity, heal illness, prompt fecundity, communicate favorably with the dead,
or secure divine blessing. In fact, it may even be that such purposes constitute the
greatest occasion for images in religious life. The reasons for attributing this kind
of power to images or sculptures are as diverse as the psychological and sociologi-
cal models for explaining their appeal. To those engaged
in the visual practices of efficacious images, the reason
is probably straightforward: properly crafted and con-
secrated, images are connected by virtue of tradition,
ritual, and likeness to the realities to which they refer.
They direct devotion, petition, and desire toward their
intended end. And when that end is not achieved, it is not
due to the failure of the image as a metaphysical device,
but to the inappropriate ritual preparation of the image
or the petitioner, or to the intervention of another will,
human or divine. Even failure affirms the cultural system
of efficacy—in the same way that a failed bridge does not
move people in an industrial society to scrap bridge-mak-
ing, but to reapply the principles of engineering and the
methods of construction to create a more reliable bridge.
The horrific appearance of the Hindu goddess Kālī
in the sculptural relief shown here (a) does not generate
fear or revulsion toward the goddess among the faithful
who bring their petitions and children before the image.
Her fearsome countenance and brutal disemboweling
of a figure actually suggest her vicious treatment of the
evil afflicting those brought to her for healing, who will
(a) A family views a sculpture of Kālī, a Hindu goddess, Kaalo
Bhairab, Kathmandu, Nepal. [©Macduff Everton/Corbis]
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
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