Encyclopedia of public international law 11: LAW OF THE SEA· AIR AND SPACE

369 Pages·1989·33.98 MB·English

by  RUDOLF BERNHARDT

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
11
LAW OF THE SEA AIR AND SPACE
EDITORIAL COMMIITEE
Rudolf Dolzer, Dr. iur., S.J.D. (Harvard)
Robert E. Hollweg, J.D. (Univ. of Michigan)
Steven Less, J.D. (Seton Hall Univ.), Dr. iur. (Heidelberg)
Peter Macalister-Smith, B.A. (Kent), Ph.D. (Birmingham)
ThearticlesinthisEncyclopediashouldbecited(until publicationofthefinaledition)according
to the following example:
H.-J. Schlochauer, Arbitration, in: R. Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International
Law, Instalment 1 (1981),p. 13.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
r
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR COMPARATIVE
PUBLIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
RUDOLF BERNHARDT
ADVISORY BOARD
RUDOLF L. BINDSCHEDLER . THOMAS BUERGENTHAL . KARL DOEHRING
JOCHEN ABR. FROWEIN . GUNTHER JAENICKE, HERBERT MIEHSLER
HERMANN MOSLER· FRITZ MUNCH· DANIEL P. O'CONNELL
KARL JOSEF PARTSCH· PIERRE PESCATORE· HENRY G. SCHERMERS
ULRICH SCHEUNER . HANS-JURGEN SCHLOCHAUER . MAX SORENSEN
HELMUT STREBEL
11
LAW OF THE SEA· AIR AND SPACE
I
1989
NORTH-HOLLAND
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LibraryofCongressCataloglnllin PublicationData
Main entry under title:
Encyclopedia of public international law.
Issued in parts.
Includes index.
1. International law- Dictionaries.
I. Bernhardt, Rudolf, 1925-
II. Max-Planck-Institut fur
auslandisches offentliches Recht
und Volkerrecht (Heidelberg, Germany)
JX1226.E5 341'.03 81-939
AACR2
ISBN: 0444862420
© ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.Y.-1989
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PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The eleventh instalment of the Encyclopedia of Public International Law comprises 97
articles devoted to the law of the sea, air and space. Articles which might have been included
in this volume but which relate to more than one subject area can be found in another
appropriate instalment of the Encyclopedia. Thus, for example, the various articles con
cerned with air and marine warfare were included in Instalments 3 and 4 together with the
other entries on the use of force. As a further example, decisions of international courts and
tribunals relating to the law of the sea can be found in Instalment 2, but several recent cases
decided since the publication of that instalment are included in the present volume.
To facilitate the use of the Encyclopedia, two kinds of cross-references are used.
Arrow-marked cross-references in the articles -themselves refer to other entries, and are
generally inserted at the first relevant point in an article (e.g. The case was submitted to the
~ International Court of Justice). For other topics for which a separate entry might be
expected but which are discussed elsewhere or under a heading which does not immediately
suggest itself, the title of the topic appears in the alphabetical sequence of articles with a
cross-reference to the article where it is discussed (e.g. INQUIRY see Fact-Finding and
Inquiry).
At the end of each instalment there is an updated list of articles for the entire set of
instalments of the Encyclopedia. All articles which have already appeared have a number in
brackets identifying the instalment in which they may be found.
The manuscripts for this instalment were finalized in mid-1988.
----------------------------------

CONTENTS
List of Entries for this Instalment (with Names of Authors) lX
List of Abbreviations ..... Xlll
Articles in Alphabetical Order 1
List of Articles for the Entire Encyclopedia 343

LIST OF ENTRIES
Admiralty Law (Geoffrey Marston) 1
,
Air Law (Bin Cheng) ..... 5
Air Pollution (Alexandre Kiss) 12
Air Transport Agreements (Ludwig Weber) 15
Air Transport, Regulation of Liability (Michael Milde) 18
Aircraft (Michael Milde) 22
Airports (Peter Badura) 24
Airspace over Maritime Areas (Kay Hailbronner) 27
Amoco Cadiz Incident (Lothar Gundling) 31
Archipelagos (L.F.E. Goldie) . . . . . . . 33
Artificial Islands and Installations (Fritz Munch) 38
Astronauts (Bin Cheng) 40
Baselines (P.B. Beazley) 43
Bays and Gulfs (Leo J. Bouchez) 45
Cables, Submarine (Rainer Lagoni) . 48
Celestial Bodies (Sylvia Maureen Williams) . 51
Chicago Convention (Ludwig Weber) . . . . 54
Civil Aviation, Unlawful Interference with (Kay Hailbronner) . 57
Coastal Fisheries (Rudiger Wolfrum) 61
Collisions at Sea (LA. Shearer) . . . 63
Common Heritage of Mankind (Rudiger Wolfrum) 65
Conferences on the Law of the Sea (Renate Platzoder) 69
Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas (Barbara Kwiatkowska) 76
Contiguous Zone (Frank Wooldridge) . . 78
Continental Shelf (Christos L. Rozakis) . 82
Continental Shelf Case (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) (Karin Oellers-Frahm) 91
Continental Shelf Case (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Karin Oellers-Frahm) 94
Continental Shelf, Outer Limits (Ulf-Dieter Klemm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Exclusive Economic Zone (Shigeru Oda) . . . . . . . . 102
Fisheries, International Regulation (Rudiger Wolfrum) 109
Fisheries, Sedentary (Bernd Riister) 113
.Fishery Commissions (Rudiger Wolfrum) 117
x LIST OF ENTRIES
Fishery Zones and Limits (Jean Carroz) 121
Fishing Boats (Gerhard Hafner) ..... 124
Flags of Convenience (Jonathan S. Ignarski) 125
Flags of Vessels (David D. Caron) . 127
Free Ports (Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum) 128
Geneva Convention and Statute on the International Regime of Maritime Ports
(Stefan Oeter). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Gulf of Maine Case (Karin Oellers-Frahm) 131
Heleanna Incident (Stefan Oeter) 135
High Seas (Tullio Treves) ... 136
Hospital Ships (Michael Bothe) 141
Hot Pursuit (Frank Wooldridge) . 145
Hovering Acts (Geoffrey Marston) 148
Innocent Passage, Transit Passage (D.H.N. Johnson) 150
Internal Waters (Rainer Lagoni) . 153
Internal Waters, Seagoing Vessels in (Rainer Lagoni) 155
International Sea-Bed Area (Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum) 160
Islands (D.W. Bowett) . 165
Korean Air Lines Incident (1983) (Joseph H.H. Weiler) . 167
Land-Locked and Geographically Disadvantaged States (Lucius Caftisch) 169
Law of the Sea (Giinther Jaenicke) .. 174
Law of the Sea, History (E.D. Brown) 191
Lighthouses and Lightships (Matthias Hartwig) . 196
Liner Conferences (Stefan Oeter) . 197
Marine Environment, Protection and Preservation (Jean J.A. Salmon) 200
Marine Research (Tullio Treves) . 207
Maritime Archaeology (Lyndel V. Prott and P.J. O'Keefe) 210
Maritime Boundaries, Delimitation (Lucius Caftisch) .... 212
Maritime Boundary between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau Arbitration (A. Pillepich) 219
Maritime Jurisdiction (Geoffrey Marston) .... 221
Maritime Safety Regulations (Gerhard Breuer) . 224
Merchant Ships (Rainer Lagoni) ..... 228
Navigation, Freedom of (D.H.N. Johnson) 233
Navigation on Rivers and Canals (Bela Vitanyi) 235