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EDITORICAOLM MITTEE Rudolf DDroi.lu zreS.r.,,J .(DHr.av ard) RobeEr.Ht o llwJe.gD(,.U invo.fM ichigan) PetMe.rL awreBn.cAeL.,L, . B(.Un iovf.N .WS.). StevLeens s.,D( .eS Jt oHna ll) PetMearc alistBe.Ar-.(S KemnittP)hh,,. (DiB.r mingham) Thaer tiictnlh Eeinssc yclsohpoebudelic dai t(eudnp tuibll iocfta htfiein oaenld itaicocno)r ding tot hfeo lloewxianmgp le: H.-JS. chlocAhrabuietrr,ia ntR:.i B oenr,n h(aerddE.tn) c,y cloopfPe udbilIain ct ernational LawI,n sta1l( m1e9n8pt1.1 ) 3,. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLICI NTERNATIONALL AW PUBLISHEDU NDER THE AUSPICESO F THE MAX PLANCK INSTITUTEF OR COMPARATIVE PUBLICL AW AND INTERNATIONALL AW UNDER THE DIRECTIONO F RUDOLF BERNHARDT ADVISORY BOARD RUDOLLF. B INSDCHEDLE·TR H OMABSU ERGENTH·A KLA RLD OEHRING JOCHENA BRF.R OWE·IGNU NTHERJ AENIC·KH EERBERMTI EHSLER HERMANMNO SLE·R FRITMZU NCH· DANIEPL.O 'CONNELL KARLJ OSEPFA RTSC·PHI ERRPEE SCATO·RH EENRYG .S CHERMERS ULRICSHC HEUN·EHRA NSU-RJGENS CHLOCHAU·EMRA XS 0RENSEN HELMUSTT REBEL 10 STATES RESPONSIBILITYO F STATES · INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MUNICIPALL AW 1987 NORTH-HOLLAND AMSTERDAM NEW YORK OXFORD TOKYO · · · ©ELSEVIER SCIENCEP UBLISHERSB .V-.1 987 Allr ightrse serveNdo. p arto ft hipsu blicatmiaoyn b e reproducsetdo,r eidn a retrieval systeomr,t ransmititnea dn,y f ormo rb y anym eanse,l ectromneicch anicpahlo,t ocopying, recordionrog t herwiwsiet,h outth ep riopre rmissoifot nh ec opyrigohwtn er. ISBN:0 4 448 6241 2 Publisher: ELSEVIERS CIENCEP UBLISHERSB .V. P.O.B OX 1991 1000B Z AMSTERDAM THE NETHERLANDS Sodlies trfiotbrhuU et. oSra.snA Cd.a nada: ELSEVIERS CIENCEP UBLISHINGC OMPANY INC. 52V ANDERBILT AVENUE NEW YORK, N.Y.1 0017U,. S.A Libraofr Cyo nesgsCr atalionPug bilnigc Daattiao n Maine ntruyn detri tle: Encyclopeodfip au bliicn ternatiloanwa.l Issueidnp arts. Includes index. 1.I nternatiloanw-a Dli ctionaries. I.B ernharRdtu,d olf1,9 25- II.M ax-Planck-Infsitiirt ut ausliindisocffheenst licRheecsh t undV olkerre(cHheti delbeGregr,m any) JX1226.E5 341'.0831 -939 AACR2 PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS INTRODUCTORNYO TE Thet enitnhs taolftm heEenn tc ycloopfPe udbiIlani tce rnLaatwci oonnta1al2i a0nr st icles concerSntiantrgee ss,p onsoifSb tialtaientsdty,h ree lationshiinpt ebrentlawatewie onn al anmdu nicliapwAa.rl t iwchliercseh l taomt oer teh aonn seu bjaercectaa b ne f ouinndt he mosatp propirnisattaeol fmt ehnEetn cyecdloiTpah.u fso,er x amptlheve,a riaorutsi cles dealwiintlghe gaasls istancSet abwteeetrsiwe ne celniu ndIe nds ta9lt moegnetwt ihtethrh e othaerrt iocnll eegsca olo periangt einoenr al. Tof aciltihtueas teoe ft hEen cylcotpweokd iinaod,fs c ross-reafreeur seendc.e s Arrow-mcarroksesd- reifnte hraeer ntcietcshl eemss erlevfteeosor t heenrt rainedas r,e generianlsleayr ttt hefiedr srte levanitna nap roti(inect.lT geh. ce a swea ssu bmittott heed �InternaCtoiuoornftJa uls tiFcoero) t.ht eorp fiocwrsh ica hs epareanttmeri yg bhet expecbtuwethd i acrhde i scueslsseedwo hrue nrdeae h re adingd owenhsoii tcm hm ediately suggietlssftte, h tei tolfte h teo paipcp eiantr hsae l phabseetqiuceoanflac ret iwciltaeh s cross-retfote hree nacret icilesd iswchue(srese.Ie gNdi.Q t U IRsYe eF act-Fainndd ing Inqu)i.r y Att he eenadc ihon fs tatlhmeeirnsaet n u pdaltieosdfta rtifcoltreh see n tsierte of instalomfte hnEetn sc ycloApretdiiwcahl.ie hcsah v ael reaapdpye ahraevaden umbienr bracikdeetinsft ytihniegn stailnmw heintcthh e y bmefa oyu nd. Them anuscfroitrph tiisns s tawlemrefienn ta liinzee radl1 y9 87. LISOTF A BBERVIATIONS ACHR AmeriCcoannv enotnHi uomna Rni ghts AFDI AnnuaFirra<?aeni dseD roIintt ernational AJCL AmeriJcoaunr onfCa olm parLaatwi ve AJIL AmeriJcoaunr onfIa nlt ernlaatwi onal AnnIDI Annuadielr 'eI nsdteDi rtouIitnt t ernational AnnuDailg estA nnuDailg easntRd e poorftP su blIinct ernLaatwiC oansaels AustrYaIlLi anA ustrYaelairabnoo fIo nkt ernLaatwi onal AVR ArchdievVs o lkerrechts BFSP BritainsFdho reSitganPt aep ers BILC BritIinsthe rnLaatwiC oansa(elC.sP arreyd,. ) BYIL BritYiesaBhro ookfI nternLaatwi onal CahDroitEuCra hideerD sr oEiutr opeen CanYIL Canadian oYfeI anrtbeoronkLa atwi onal CJEC CouorftJ ustoiftc heEe u ropCeoamnm unities Clunet JourdnuaD lr oIintt ernational CMLR CommoMna rkLeatwR eports CMLRev CommoMna rkLeatwR eview ColJTransLC olumJboiuar onfTa rla nsnational Law Come cno CounfcoiMrlu tuEaclo noAmiidc CTS ConsoliTdraetaSeteydr (iC e.Ps a rreyd,. ) DeptStateBDuelaplr tmoefnS tta Btuel letin Dirlnt DirtioIt nternazionale EC EuropCeoamnm unoirE tuyr opCeoamnm unities ECHR EuropCeoannv enotnHi uomna Rni ghts ECOSOC EconoamniSdco cCioauln ocfti hlUe n itNeadt ions ECR Repoorftt hsCe o uorfJt u stoiftc hee EurCoopmemaunn i(tEiuerso ­ peaCno uRretp orts) ECSC EuropCeoaaanln Sdt eCeolm munity EEC EuropEecaonn oCmoimcm unity EFTA EuropFeraeTner aAdses ociation ESA EuropSepaanAc gee ncy ETS EuropTeraenaS teyr ies EuR Europa-Recht Euratom EuropAetaonm Eince rCgoym munity EurocontroElu ropOeragna nifzoatrth iSeoa nf eotfAy i Nra vigation FAO Fooadn Adg ricuOlrtguarnei ozfat thUieno int Neadt ions Fontes Fontes Iuris Gentium GAOR GeneArsasle mObflfiyc Rieaclo rds GAIT GeneArgarle emoenTn atrf isaf nTdr ade GYIL GermYaena rboofIo nkt ernLaatwi onal HarvaIrLdJ HarvIanrtde rnLaatwiJ oonuarln al IAEA InternatioEnnaelrA ggAyet nocmyi c IATA InternAaitTrir oannaslAp sosrotc iation IBRD InternBaatnifokon Rrae lc ornuscttainoDdne velopment ICAO InternationalO rCgiavniilz aAtviioant ion ICJ InternCaotuioroftnJ auls tice ICLQ InternaantCdio omnpaalr LaatwiQ vuea rterly xiv LISTO F ABBREVIATIONS ICRC InternCaotmimointaotlfte hee CRreods s IC SI D InternCaetnitofrnoSeare l t tloemfIe nnvte stment Disputes IDA InternDaetvieolnoaplAm sesnotc iation IDI Instdiet uDtIr notietr national IFC InternFaitniaoCnnocarelp oration ILA InternLaatwiA osnsaolc iation ILC InternLaatwiC oonmamli ssion ILM InternLaetgiMaoalnt aelr ials ILO InternLaatbiooOunrrag la nisation ILR InternLaatwiR oenpaolr ts IMCO Inter-GovMearrnimteCinomtneas lu lOtragtainviez ation IMF InternMaotnieotnFaaurlny d IMO InternMaatriiotnOiarmlge a nization IndiJaInL IndiJaonu ronfIa nlt ernLaatwi onal IntLawyer InternLaatwiyoenra l IntRel InternRaetliaotniaoln s ItalYIL ItalYieaanr boofIo nkt ernLaatwi onal JIR Jahrbfuicihr Internationales Recht LNTS LeagoufNe a tiTornesaS teyr ies LoN LeagoufNe a tions MartRe ns MartReencsu deeTi rla ites Martens SMRa rtSeunpsp leamuRe enctu deeipslr inctirpaaiutxe s MartRe2n s Martens dReTe rcauie2timelees d,. MartNeRn s MartNeonusv eRaeuc udeeiT lr aites MartNeSn s MartNeonusv eSauup pleamuRe enctu dceiT lr aites MartNeRnGs MartNeonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr aites MartNeRnGs2 MartNeonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr ai2tmeeSs e,r ie Martens NMRaGr3t Neonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr ai3tmeeSs e,r ie NATO NorAtthl aTnrteiacOt ryg anization NedTIR NederlTainjddsst vc ohorIrin fternaRteicohnta al NILR Netherlands LIanwRt eevrineawt ional NordTIR NordTiisdks tsf korIrin fternRaetti onal OAS OrganizaAtmieorniS ctoaafnt es OAU OrganiozfaA tfiroiUncn aint y OECD OrganifsoaErtc ioonno Cmoi-co peraantDdie ovne lopment PCIJ PermanCeonuotrf tI nternJautsitoincael PolishYIL PoliYseha rboofIo nkt ernLaatwi onal ProcASIL Proceeodfti hnAegm se riScoacni oefIt nyt ernational Law RdC AcadedmeiD er oit InternadteiCsoo nuarls, Recueil Res. Resolution RevBelge RevuBee idgeeD roIintt ernational ReEvg ypt RevuEeg yptideeDn rnoeIi ntt ernational ReHve llen RevuHee llendieDq ruoeIi ntt ernational RGDIP RevuGee nerdaeDl reo Iintt ernational Public RIAA RepoorftI sn ternAartbiioAtnwraaalrl d s RivDirlnt RividsiDt iar iItnttoe rnazionale SAYIL SouAtfhr iYceaanr boofIo nkt ernLaatwi onal SchweizJIRS chweizeJraihsrcbfhuieicisnhr t ernationales Recht SCOR SecuCroiutnyOc ficfili Raelc ords SEATO South-AEsaiTsart e aOtryg anization LISOTFA BRBEVTIIAONS xv Strucphpl-oSchSatureurp,p -SchWloorctheardubeeuVsrco ,hl ker(r2encdeh dt.1s,9 60)/ 62 Worterbuch Supp. Supplement TexIaLsJ TexIanst ernLaatwiJ oonuarln al UN· UnitNeadt ions UND oc. UnitNeadt iDooncsu ment UNCTAD UnitNeadt iCoonnsf eroenTn rcaead neDd e velopment UNEP UnitNeadt iEonnvsi ronPrmoeagnmrtm e UNESCO UnitNeadt iEodnusc atSicoineanlat,ni Cdfiu cl tOurrgaaln ization UNIDO UnitNeadt iIonndsu sDtervieamlleo npOtr ganization UNIATR UnitNeadt iIonnsst fiotTrurt aei nainRndeg s earch UNTS UnitNeadt iTornesa ty Series UPU UniveProssatUlan li on UST UnitSetda Ttreesa atniOdet sh Ienrt ernAagtrieoenmaeln ts WEU WestEeurrno pUenaino n WHO WorlHde alOtrhg anization WMO WorlMde teoroOlroggainciazla tion YILC Yearboofto hkIe n ternLaatwiC oonmamli ssion ZaoRV Zeitstfc ihairuris fliindoifsfcehnetRsle iccuhhnted Vs o lkerrecht ABANDONMENOTF T ERRITORseYeT er­NaciodneCa ulb a v3. 8F3F. da2 rr1,6 6C i(r2.d ritoArbya,n donment 1967o)ft) h ciosn gresdsiiroenceatnlij voei ning ACQUISITOIOFTN E RRITORseYe T errtih­efmr om geifvftieoancf gto reaicvgtin o lating torAyc,q uisition internlaatiwin co ansaielns v ol"vaci lnagoi fm tiotrlo et hreirg thopt rso pe.r tb.ya s.e d upon . .c o.n fias c.a tb.iy ao .nna cotft hsatta te" ACTSO FS TATE (excwehpetr" et hPer esiddeetnetr mtihnaets appliocfat thaieco otnf sdtoactteir rsie nqeu ired 1.T hAe mreicAactno fS taDtoec trine . b.y t .hf eo repioglnii nctye orfte hsUetn si ted TheA ct Sotfad toec thraibsne eea np pliine Sdt at.e s". ) t,.h ey atpohp aevbaeer ea ntp ains thUen itSetda tpersi mairnti hlceyo ntoefx ttor etaas iunb stfiaenlotdfia aplp lifcoatrth ieo n foreeixgpnr opriinwa htiiacog hno sv ernmpernitnaecl.Ti hpeel xcepttoit ohnAe c t Sotfa te acitas l letgohe advv ei oltahtaeep dp lincoarbmldseo ctcrrienabety te hHdei ckenAlmoeonpdemre nt ofi nternaltaiw(o n-Eaxlp roprainadth iaosn bteheuinsn terperxettreerdme esltyr ictively Nationoan.l)A isoz raitgiifnoarlmluyil naU tne­(ds ee LAimbeyraiOnci aln Co. Pve.o pSloec'isa list derhiHlelr nva.(n6 d18eU z. S2.5( 081 79),t) heL ibyAarna bJ amahi4r8y2Fa ,.u Spp1.715 doctprrionveti dh"eatdt hc eo uirnot nsce o unt(rDy. .D1 .9C8,0" )t)iotrol teh reirgt hopt r operty" winlolt jsuidtg moienntn hatec otfas n otdhoenreb eicnogn strnuacrtreo(dws Fleryee nvc.Bh a nco witihtitsne rri(t o-Srtya"St oevse,r EeqiuganlN ia­cidoenC aulb2 a4,N2 E. .d27 0(4NY ..1 96s8o) ) t)yT.h iess sentteirarlilbtyoa rscieoadnl cleyp atsi oentx oc lauldclel aibmasso endg overnmental of Statseo vereiagnndt jyu risdiincftteeirroenwn ictceho ntrarcitg(uhsatesle Menen­ ( T-erritSoorviearle wiagsnr teys)t rtioc dteevzd.S akasnC do mpa4n8yF5,. d 21 35(52C di r. circumsitnavnoclpevrsio npges rittyui antt heed1 973),) piaannr ltdaisrci,ut uaitnivoonltsvh ien g exproprSitaattitene'grs r itoriyt;l eft"thn uast,i onaolfci oznacteiasogsnri"eo enm( esnetes Americcoaunfr rtetseo i nquirtehi eni tnetroHn uan­vt. 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Moreoivwteo ru,al pdp etahrta htA ec otf S tatHea mme&r a not(hNeor2s .&3 )O/c cidental doctrreimnaei nst osa j uubdjieaccsitsa els sPmeetnrto Cloeru&pm a. n otvh.Be urt Gtae&ss Oil ofp osseimbblaer ratsos metexhneetc uitni vtCeho e&. a not(hNeor1s .2& )( (81193)A lEl.R . conducitn toefr nraetliaotn(iasoleTn ees x a6s1 6W)h.in leei threart ituohpneoa wnlh ei tchhe Trad&i Mnigl lCionrgp . v. Fedoefr eaalr leRixeepprru obplrdiiecac tiiswoienorb neas s endo,r Nige6r4iF7a. d,2 3(020Cd i r18.91 )). theciorn tinued precedceanltlieadl value, were inqtuoe sttihdoeen c,i csoinotnaa inen mepdh atic 2.B ritaisnhCd o mmwoenalPtrha ctice asseorftt iheoexn i stienBn rciect,oi msmhlo anw , Thte radiatpipornoiaanolc t hhc eorm mloanw o fab roado fSA tcapttr ei nmcoidpellcell eods ely jruisdibcetaiaro ssnt sr ornegs embtlota hnecu ep on Atmheer iecxaanm ple.e xDteesnpsiitvee Ameripcraen- Hickaetntdlieo.Wto uhpietlrhe e r elioannU cnei tSetda ctoeusor pti niLoonrsd, notioof"n A cotfS tahtaegs"e nernaobltel eyn W ilberdfeorricave bi,an sgpi rci ncoifnp olne­ formuatlillyii nz ectdoh nits-e txhte termj ubsetiincfgir aobtmih lAeic ttoy f S tadtoeci tnre, usuarlelsye rvdeedn ottthoeeq u idties tipnrcotc eteoud teidtl hicezo en cteojps utt iqfuyi tae immunwihtitych he Cernojwaontcy o sm mloanw d iefrfernets uRlatt.ht ehraa nc knowltehdeg ing ini ts coowunr tisn jfiuonrrfly i ocnta eldi efnosr mvaall iodfti htfeyo regiogvne rnamcetn taasl outstihdreee a(lsmee e. Bgu.r ovn.D enmaanr ,e souftl htre e futsoqa ule sittiisno nt ernational (81481)5 E4. .R4 50-)usclha ndmdaerckia ssil oengsa tlhiHeto yu,os feL oredxsp redsescllyi ned to PrinPcaelsOesly g va.W ei(s1z(29 9A)l El. Rp.r onoountn hciees sauatel H le.n cec,o untrohtte 51a3n)Ad k sionaOibrsncohyeAes. tMLv.uo t hoern lrye jetchtreee ds poncdoeunnttisem'ar, sci lta v.J ameSsa g&o rC o.(1 (9)2A 1lEl. .R1 38w)a psr emiseidn toenr ntlahetegi aoolfnii,ant tlye r clearrelqyuB irrietc iosuthro ta sc ctehpetef feacltista ho,ef f-sjrhuiosrdei ccltaiioamnf aoolrf e ign off oreeixgpnra otpirAoinna st.t ebmytp htAe d enS tabtueat,l osrod ears etdoa fy ptlihaneft fli'isb el SuprCeomeui rnAt n glo-IOriCalon. 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Insttehapedr ,o preers truipcotni sotcnoh opefe D A'ngevl.Po e troMleexoisc 3an3Ao1.s d2,3 88 thper inchiagpsel nee rbaeleclnoy n sidbeer­(eDde,1l 9.7 4)). cauosfce o nfloiflc atpw r inecsti,op ldeopne nd thleo caotfti hopenr op(esrReteeyH elbWeargtg & CoL.t d(.15 961) A lEl. 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IranOiiaClno .v .I detmusi KosaKna bushiki KaisDheac,i soifo1 n9s,5D 3itsirtc andH ighL .H ENKIANc, ot fS taTtoed aRye:c olleicnTt riaonn­s CotuorsfT okyJoa,p IaLnR,V, ol 2.0 p,.3 05a)n d quilCiotlyJ,T rVaoln5.s( L 91,6 71)7 5-189. evteaunltlodye ntyeh me veinne trneafltfw ehcerWeH .R EEVETS,h eS abbaCtaisnaeon dt hSea bbatino AmendmeCnotm:e d-yo rT rage-doyfE rrors, tehg overtanlamt ceoinnw afso utnobd e " confis­ VanderLbaiwRl etv iVeolw2,.0 ( 16974)2 9-.5 63 ctaroyi"n n tarue( seee.. --'>g Etartu sse vR..EH .O LLLaWGE ,T heS abbaAtmiennod meCnotn:g res­ Rop,iD teciosfi1 o29n8F ,r enCcohud reC assas­ionMaold ificoaftt ihoAenm eriAccaton f S tate toinA,n .nD i,gV .ol.p4.6, 7a nSdv viB.t t a-aeBst Docnte,rZ iaRoV,V ol2.9 ( 91693)61 -330. (suap))rS. imilbaturr leeyflci,tn ag treharm oreA .L OWENFELADc,ot f S taatneDd e partomfSe tnatt e: First NCaittBiyao nvnk.Ba a ln Ncaoc iodneCa ulb a, catiuocuosen tpco tfe hd esisrcaoboplfaee p plica­ AJIVLo,l6 .6 ( 91727)9 51-48. toino fl ocpaulb loirdcce orn stioidnesWr,ea st D.R.A NDREWASc, t Sotfa-t Eex ecuDteitveer mination, Germcaontu srh avree loinet dih sc reirtiionn ZaRoV,V ol3.5 ( 91754)15 -0. assesfosrieneigxg pnr toiporantic sat,oh ugohn lyM. L EIGaHn Md. DS.A NDLEDRu,n hTiolwla:ar R de con­ inc irctaunmcswehse ars eu ffictliyde intr" enca­sideroafSt aibobna Vtiirngoi,n iao fIJ notuerrnnaal­ tioLnaawlV, ol 1.6 ( 17966)8 51-87. toinailtn"re etas ppeareextdii tsnteh fo o r(usme e P.W EILL,e c ontpraolrle ets r ibunnaatuixod neal uax e.Sgo.c ieMdiandiE elTr ean tieeS n.Av.. Nord­ licienitteer nadteiasoc ntaelsEe t daeettssr angers, detsuchAef fineAr.iGeD. e,c isoifMo anr c1h3 , AFDIV,ol 2.3 ( 19797-)5 2. 197o3ft e hD irstitC cotuo rfH ambuFregd,e rMa.S lI NGETRh, e AocfSt t aDtoec troiftn heUe n ited RepubolfGi ecr maEnnyg,l tiarsnlhtsa oini n: KinogmdA:n A nalywsiitCsho, m partiosU onnist ed StaPtreasc tAiJcIVeLo,,l 7 .5 ( 918)12 83-.3 23 IL,MV ol1.2 (9 173p).2 51 ;--'> ChilCeoapnp er D.LJ.O NEAS,c ot fF oreSitganit nEe n glLiaswhT: h e Natinoaltoiinza,R evibeywC oturso fT hird GhosGto eEsa sVti,r giniao fIJ notuerrnnaalt ional Sattse). LawV,ol 2.2 ( 18924)3 3-.4 79 M.CD.AV ISD, omesDteivce lopomfIe nntte rnational 4.C onlcusion LawA: P ropfoosaarnIl n ternCaotnicooenfpta thl e Acto fS taDtoec trTienxeaI,sn ternaLtaiwo nal Thep receadnianlgoy fsj iuisdc iparltac ice JourVnoal2l.0, ( 91853)4 16-63. would sienedmti etct ahaott eh govertnlam en ntarueo f ltiegviees xloetarvci eud ecrdeoeensso t J.-FPO.N TEYNE

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Encyclopedia of public international law / 10 States. Responsibility of States. International Law and Municipal Law PDF

662 Pages·1988·6.842 MB·English
by  Rudolf Bernhardt
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Preview Encyclopedia of public international law / 10 States. Responsibility of States. International Law and Municipal Law

EDITORICAOLM MITTEE Rudolf DDroi.lu zreS.r.,,J .(DHr.av ard) RobeEr.Ht o llwJe.gD(,.U invo.fM ichigan) PetMe.rL awreBn.cAeL.,L, . B(.Un iovf.N .WS.). StevLeens s.,D( .eS Jt oHna ll) PetMearc alistBe.Ar-.(S KemnittP)hh,,. (DiB.r mingham) Thaer tiictnlh Eeinssc yclsohpoebudelic dai t(eudnp tuibll iocfta htfiein oaenld itaicocno)r ding tot hfeo lloewxianmgp le: H.-JS. chlocAhrabuietrr,ia ntR:.i B oenr,n h(aerddE.tn) c,y cloopfPe udbilIain ct ernational LawI,n sta1l( m1e9n8pt1.1 ) 3,. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLICI NTERNATIONALL AW PUBLISHEDU NDER THE AUSPICESO F THE MAX PLANCK INSTITUTEF OR COMPARATIVE PUBLICL AW AND INTERNATIONALL AW UNDER THE DIRECTIONO F RUDOLF BERNHARDT ADVISORY BOARD RUDOLLF. B INSDCHEDLE·TR H OMABSU ERGENTH·A KLA RLD OEHRING JOCHENA BRF.R OWE·IGNU NTHERJ AENIC·KH EERBERMTI EHSLER HERMANMNO SLE·R FRITMZU NCH· DANIEPL.O 'CONNELL KARLJ OSEPFA RTSC·PHI ERRPEE SCATO·RH EENRYG .S CHERMERS ULRICSHC HEUN·EHRA NSU-RJGENS CHLOCHAU·EMRA XS 0RENSEN HELMUSTT REBEL 10 STATES RESPONSIBILITYO F STATES · INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MUNICIPALL AW 1987 NORTH-HOLLAND AMSTERDAM NEW YORK OXFORD TOKYO · · · ©ELSEVIER SCIENCEP UBLISHERSB .V-.1 987 Allr ightrse serveNdo. p arto ft hipsu blicatmiaoyn b e reproducsetdo,r eidn a retrieval systeomr,t ransmititnea dn,y f ormo rb y anym eanse,l ectromneicch anicpahlo,t ocopying, recordionrog t herwiwsiet,h outth ep riopre rmissoifot nh ec opyrigohwtn er. ISBN:0 4 448 6241 2 Publisher: ELSEVIERS CIENCEP UBLISHERSB .V. P.O.B OX 1991 1000B Z AMSTERDAM THE NETHERLANDS Sodlies trfiotbrhuU et. oSra.snA Cd.a nada: ELSEVIERS CIENCEP UBLISHINGC OMPANY INC. 52V ANDERBILT AVENUE NEW YORK, N.Y.1 0017U,. S.A Libraofr Cyo nesgsCr atalionPug bilnigc Daattiao n Maine ntruyn detri tle: Encyclopeodfip au bliicn ternatiloanwa.l Issueidnp arts. Includes index. 1.I nternatiloanw-a Dli ctionaries. I.B ernharRdtu,d olf1,9 25- II.M ax-Planck-Infsitiirt ut ausliindisocffheenst licRheecsh t undV olkerre(cHheti delbeGregr,m any) JX1226.E5 341'.0831 -939 AACR2 PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS INTRODUCTORNYO TE Thet enitnhs taolftm heEenn tc ycloopfPe udbiIlani tce rnLaatwci oonnta1al2i a0nr st icles concerSntiantrgee ss,p onsoifSb tialtaientsdty,h ree lationshiinpt ebrentlawatewie onn al anmdu nicliapwAa.rl t iwchliercseh l taomt oer teh aonn seu bjaercectaa b ne f ouinndt he mosatp propirnisattaeol fmt ehnEetn cyecdloiTpah.u fso,er x amptlheve,a riaorutsi cles dealwiintlghe gaasls istancSet abwteeetrsiwe ne celniu ndIe nds ta9lt moegnetwt ihtethrh e othaerrt iocnll eegsca olo periangt einoenr al. Tof aciltihtueas teoe ft hEen cylcotpweokd iinaod,fs c ross-reafreeur seendc.e s Arrow-mcarroksesd- reifnte hraeer ntcietcshl eemss erlevfteeosor t heenrt rainedas r,e generianlsleayr ttt hefiedr srte levanitna nap roti(inect.lT geh. ce a swea ssu bmittott heed �InternaCtoiuoornftJa uls tiFcoero) t.ht eorp fiocwrsh ica hs epareanttmeri yg bhet expecbtuwethd i acrhde i scueslsseedwo hrue nrdeae h re adingd owenhsoii tcm hm ediately suggietlssftte, h tei tolfte h teo paipcp eiantr hsae l phabseetqiuceoanflac ret iwciltaeh s cross-retfote hree nacret icilesd iswchue(srese.Ie gNdi.Q t U IRsYe eF act-Fainndd ing Inqu)i.r y Att he eenadc ihon fs tatlhmeeirnsaet n u pdaltieosdfta rtifcoltreh see n tsierte of instalomfte hnEetn sc ycloApretdiiwcahl.ie hcsah v ael reaapdpye ahraevaden umbienr bracikdeetinsft ytihniegn stailnmw heintcthh e y bmefa oyu nd. Them anuscfroitrph tiisns s tawlemrefienn ta liinzee radl1 y9 87. LISOTF A BBERVIATIONS ACHR AmeriCcoannv enotnHi uomna Rni ghts AFDI AnnuaFirra<?aeni dseD roIintt ernational AJCL AmeriJcoaunr onfCa olm parLaatwi ve AJIL AmeriJcoaunr onfIa nlt ernlaatwi onal AnnIDI Annuadielr 'eI nsdteDi rtouIitnt t ernational AnnuDailg estA nnuDailg easntRd e poorftP su blIinct ernLaatwiC oansaels AustrYaIlLi anA ustrYaelairabnoo fIo nkt ernLaatwi onal AVR ArchdievVs o lkerrechts BFSP BritainsFdho reSitganPt aep ers BILC BritIinsthe rnLaatwiC oansa(elC.sP arreyd,. ) BYIL BritYiesaBhro ookfI nternLaatwi onal CahDroitEuCra hideerD sr oEiutr opeen CanYIL Canadian oYfeI anrtbeoronkLa atwi onal CJEC CouorftJ ustoiftc heEe u ropCeoamnm unities Clunet JourdnuaD lr oIintt ernational CMLR CommoMna rkLeatwR eports CMLRev CommoMna rkLeatwR eview ColJTransLC olumJboiuar onfTa rla nsnational Law Come cno CounfcoiMrlu tuEaclo noAmiidc CTS ConsoliTdraetaSeteydr (iC e.Ps a rreyd,. ) DeptStateBDuelaplr tmoefnS tta Btuel letin Dirlnt DirtioIt nternazionale EC EuropCeoamnm unoirE tuyr opCeoamnm unities ECHR EuropCeoannv enotnHi uomna Rni ghts ECOSOC EconoamniSdco cCioauln ocfti hlUe n itNeadt ions ECR Repoorftt hsCe o uorfJt u stoiftc hee EurCoopmemaunn i(tEiuerso ­ peaCno uRretp orts) ECSC EuropCeoaaanln Sdt eCeolm munity EEC EuropEecaonn oCmoimcm unity EFTA EuropFeraeTner aAdses ociation ESA EuropSepaanAc gee ncy ETS EuropTeraenaS teyr ies EuR Europa-Recht Euratom EuropAetaonm Eince rCgoym munity EurocontroElu ropOeragna nifzoatrth iSeoa nf eotfAy i Nra vigation FAO Fooadn Adg ricuOlrtguarnei ozfat thUieno int Neadt ions Fontes Fontes Iuris Gentium GAOR GeneArsasle mObflfiyc Rieaclo rds GAIT GeneArgarle emoenTn atrf isaf nTdr ade GYIL GermYaena rboofIo nkt ernLaatwi onal HarvaIrLdJ HarvIanrtde rnLaatwiJ oonuarln al IAEA InternatioEnnaelrA ggAyet nocmyi c IATA InternAaitTrir oannaslAp sosrotc iation IBRD InternBaatnifokon Rrae lc ornuscttainoDdne velopment ICAO InternationalO rCgiavniilz aAtviioant ion ICJ InternCaotuioroftnJ auls tice ICLQ InternaantCdio omnpaalr LaatwiQ vuea rterly xiv LISTO F ABBREVIATIONS ICRC InternCaotmimointaotlfte hee CRreods s IC SI D InternCaetnitofrnoSeare l t tloemfIe nnvte stment Disputes IDA InternDaetvieolnoaplAm sesnotc iation IDI Instdiet uDtIr notietr national IFC InternFaitniaoCnnocarelp oration ILA InternLaatwiA osnsaolc iation ILC InternLaatwiC oonmamli ssion ILM InternLaetgiMaoalnt aelr ials ILO InternLaatbiooOunrrag la nisation ILR InternLaatwiR oenpaolr ts IMCO Inter-GovMearrnimteCinomtneas lu lOtragtainviez ation IMF InternMaotnieotnFaaurlny d IMO InternMaatriiotnOiarmlge a nization IndiJaInL IndiJaonu ronfIa nlt ernLaatwi onal IntLawyer InternLaatwiyoenra l IntRel InternRaetliaotniaoln s ItalYIL ItalYieaanr boofIo nkt ernLaatwi onal JIR Jahrbfuicihr Internationales Recht LNTS LeagoufNe a tiTornesaS teyr ies LoN LeagoufNe a tions MartRe ns MartReencsu deeTi rla ites Martens SMRa rtSeunpsp leamuRe enctu deeipslr inctirpaaiutxe s MartRe2n s Martens dReTe rcauie2timelees d,. MartNeRn s MartNeonusv eRaeuc udeeiT lr aites MartNeSn s MartNeonusv eSauup pleamuRe enctu dceiT lr aites MartNeRnGs MartNeonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr aites MartNeRnGs2 MartNeonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr ai2tmeeSs e,r ie Martens NMRaGr3t Neonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr ai3tmeeSs e,r ie NATO NorAtthl aTnrteiacOt ryg anization NedTIR NederlTainjddsst vc ohorIrin fternaRteicohnta al NILR Netherlands LIanwRt eevrineawt ional NordTIR NordTiisdks tsf korIrin fternRaetti onal OAS OrganizaAtmieorniS ctoaafnt es OAU OrganiozfaA tfiroiUncn aint y OECD OrganifsoaErtc ioonno Cmoi-co peraantDdie ovne lopment PCIJ PermanCeonuotrf tI nternJautsitoincael PolishYIL PoliYseha rboofIo nkt ernLaatwi onal ProcASIL Proceeodfti hnAegm se riScoacni oefIt nyt ernational Law RdC AcadedmeiD er oit InternadteiCsoo nuarls, Recueil Res. Resolution RevBelge RevuBee idgeeD roIintt ernational ReEvg ypt RevuEeg yptideeDn rnoeIi ntt ernational ReHve llen RevuHee llendieDq ruoeIi ntt ernational RGDIP RevuGee nerdaeDl reo Iintt ernational Public RIAA RepoorftI sn ternAartbiioAtnwraaalrl d s RivDirlnt RividsiDt iar iItnttoe rnazionale SAYIL SouAtfhr iYceaanr boofIo nkt ernLaatwi onal SchweizJIRS chweizeJraihsrcbfhuieicisnhr t ernationales Recht SCOR SecuCroiutnyOc ficfili Raelc ords SEATO South-AEsaiTsart e aOtryg anization LISOTFA BRBEVTIIAONS xv Strucphpl-oSchSatureurp,p -SchWloorctheardubeeuVsrco ,hl ker(r2encdeh dt.1s,9 60)/ 62 Worterbuch Supp. Supplement TexIaLsJ TexIanst ernLaatwiJ oonuarln al UN· UnitNeadt ions UND oc. UnitNeadt iDooncsu ment UNCTAD UnitNeadt iCoonnsf eroenTn rcaead neDd e velopment UNEP UnitNeadt iEonnvsi ronPrmoeagnmrtm e UNESCO UnitNeadt iEodnusc atSicoineanlat,ni Cdfiu cl tOurrgaaln ization UNIDO UnitNeadt iIonndsu sDtervieamlleo npOtr ganization UNIATR UnitNeadt iIonnsst fiotTrurt aei nainRndeg s earch UNTS UnitNeadt iTornesa ty Series UPU UniveProssatUlan li on UST UnitSetda Ttreesa atniOdet sh Ienrt ernAagtrieoenmaeln ts WEU WestEeurrno pUenaino n WHO WorlHde alOtrhg anization WMO WorlMde teoroOlroggainciazla tion YILC Yearboofto hkIe n ternLaatwiC oonmamli ssion ZaoRV Zeitstfc ihairuris fliindoifsfcehnetRsle iccuhhnted Vs o lkerrecht ABANDONMENOTF T ERRITORseYeT er­NaciodneCa ulb a v3. 8F3F. da2 rr1,6 6C i(r2.d ritoArbya,n donment 1967o)ft) h ciosn gresdsiiroenceatnlij voei ning ACQUISITOIOFTN E RRITORseYe T errtih­efmr om geifvftieoancf gto reaicvgtin o lating torAyc,q uisition internlaatiwin co ansaielns v ol"vaci lnagoi fm tiotrlo et hreirg thopt rso pe.r tb.ya s.e d upon . .c o.n fias c.a tb.iy ao .nna cotft hsatta te" ACTSO FS TATE (excwehpetr" et hPer esiddeetnetr mtihnaets appliocfat thaieco otnf sdtoactteir rsie nqeu ired 1.T hAe mreicAactno fS taDtoec trine . b.y t .hf eo repioglnii nctye orfte hsUetn si ted TheA ct Sotfad toec thraibsne eea np pliine Sdt at.e s". ) t,.h ey atpohp aevbaeer ea ntp ains thUen itSetda tpersi mairnti hlceyo ntoefx ttor etaas iunb stfiaenlotdfia aplp lifcoatrth ieo n foreeixgpnr opriinwa htiiacog hno sv ernmpernitnaecl.Ti hpeel xcepttoit ohnAe c t Sotfa te acitas l letgohe advv ei oltahtaeep dp lincoarbmldseo ctcrrienabety te hHdei ckenAlmoeonpdemre nt ofi nternaltaiw(o n-Eaxlp roprainadth iaosn bteheuinsn terperxettreerdme esltyr ictively Nationoan.l)A isoz raitgiifnoarlmluyil naU tne­(ds ee LAimbeyraiOnci aln Co. Pve.o pSloec'isa list derhiHlelr nva.(n6 d18eU z. S2.5( 081 79),t) heL ibyAarna bJ amahi4r8y2Fa ,.u Spp1.715 doctprrionveti dh"eatdt hc eo uirnot nsce o unt(rDy. .D1 .9C8,0" )t)iotrol teh reirgt hopt r operty" winlolt jsuidtg moienntn hatec otfas n otdhoenreb eicnogn strnuacrtreo(dws Fleryee nvc.Bh a nco witihtitsne rri(t o-Srtya"St oevse,r EeqiuganlN ia­cidoenC aulb2 a4,N2 E. .d27 0(4NY ..1 96s8o) ) t)yT.h iess sentteirarlilbtyoa rscieoadnl cleyp atsi oentx oc lauldclel aibmasso endg overnmental of Statseo vereiagnndt jyu risdiincftteeirroenwn ictceho ntrarcitg(uhsatesle Menen­ ( T-erritSoorviearle wiagsnr teys)t rtioc dteevzd.S akasnC do mpa4n8yF5,. d 21 35(52C di r. circumsitnavnoclpevrsio npges rittyui antt heed1 973),) piaannr ltdaisrci,ut uaitnivoonltsvh ien g exproprSitaattitene'grs r itoriyt;l eft"thn uast,i onaolfci oznacteiasogsnri"eo enm( esnetes Americcoaunfr rtetseo i nquirtehi eni tnetroHn uan­vt. C oasSttaalGt aePssr oduCco.i5n,8g 3 tiolneagla olffi otrye eixgpnr opriinta hteiiSor.n Ws. 322(d2T e1x9.7 9F)u)r.t hetrhmeoarrreee , purportetde rerxirtteoraraaci lhal,lo twhienmgi ndicatthiaeotvn escn l ear ocfoa ustersi ght eventtuoda elnelyfy f teodc etc rfeoeuwsna dn tienxgp ropriaftaioloulnt stcihodreuee l adoc fth h e ati nternlaat(wis oReneeap lu bolfi cIv r.Fa iqr slte giselxacteipvstepi eocni,wfi hceatrlhelpe yr op­ NatiCointBayal n 3k5,F3 . 24d7( 2d 1C9i)6r.)5. e rtafyfe ctiesnd o Atm erican( doiwicnnte ad Int he laStaebrb aC-tais(neBao n cNoa cioOncacli doefnU tmamal lQ aywaIynncv,..C ities deC ubva.S abba3t7iU6n. oS3,.9 (8 1 694)) StehrivOsii Ccloe. 3 ,9 F6. Su4p6p(1.W. DL.o uisiana restroinct thiseoc no opfet hdeo ctrwians1e 9 )7.)5 retaeivnetenhd o utghCheo urotn'clsoy n cwearsn St,i ltlgheinse r"aclolnys eravtattiihtvauesd" e that jduedciicsmiiaaoyrln e ss terxiecctud tiisvn­eop tr eveAnmteerdi ccoaunfr rtosdm e veloping cretiinto hnce o ndoufic ntt ernraetliaotnisaoolnm fseu. r tehxecre pttioto hnAesc to fS tate Ther etenotfti hoidnsi stiinscs toimoenw hdaotc trTihnefie r.sc to ncernisnw hciatcshhee s puznzglh,io wevaestr h,pe o tentjiuadli cSfitoaarDlt e ep arthmaegsni tva ec nl ear ionfd ication interfweirteehxn ecceup toilvoiepc tyi ons ewxoeuclupdto ilvoiepc pyo stihvneag l iodfai g tiyv en appejaursa tsg rewahte rteh eex proprfioarteaeicd-gt tn h seo -ca"lBleerdne sxtceeipnt ion" propwearostr yi gionuatlstlihydee ex propr(i-aBteirnngs vt.e iVHnae ny ghFerenes r1,6 F3. 2d Stattee'rsr itory. 24(62 Cdi 1r4.97 ),t) heex act osfwt haiwtcauhss Desptihtiiens h erent tihlAelm oegriicclaaelsnfio ttm ye,wu hnacte rbtyta hsiepn dl eicti osfti hoen jduichiaasrshy o gwerna rte sisttota hdneic sem aSnu­preCmoeu irntF irNsatt iConiatBlya nvk. tlemoeftn htpe r inceivpeilnnte h,le i ghtth eBo afno N cacidoenC aulb( a4 0U6. S.( 17792)5.)9 A partial legisloafSt aibvbea it"nio snveoec reorxnudcl eipantpgip"or nob,vyt e hSdeu prCeomuer t 196b6yt hseo -caHlilcekde nlAomoepnedrm einnAt l frDeudn hoifl lL ondvo.nR, e puIobnflc i.c tot hUe. SF.or eAisgsni sAtca(tn2 cU2e. . SC§. Cub(a4 2U5. S6.8( 21 796,)h )oltdhspe r inciple 2370((2(e)1) 892E d..) )Whilceo urthhtaesv ei napplwihcearbaeln ee s senctoimamlelryc ial uphetlhdce o nstitvuatlii(od.enigatB.lya nctor ansaicsit nivodonl,t v heus imipnottroht ei ng 1 2 ACTS OFS TATE Acto fS tate aread itshtei nnocswta aimnoeMdn u nicLiapwaC:lo nfliacnTtdhs e Rierv iew primarreilliye d upUonni tSietnda ttehsbe yT ihniS rtda tes). determtihnesic nogpo efs overiemimgunn itTyhe w idehleylv di ew tthhAeac tto fS tate (_.., StaItmem un-itthyo)us gohmd eo ubhtasv ed octirasin ne ess enAtmiearlidlceyav ne lnotp,m e recebneteleynx prebsysc eodu ratsts o t hel ackgiennges rtaaln adtci onmgm loanhw a,hs a d existesnucceah n e oxfc ep(tsieBoern a kva. tob er econsiintd heer eoldfi grthehtceH e onuts e BancoSm.eNr..7 ,C6 F2. 222d(2 2 Cdi 1r9.)8 )5.o fL orddesc iisniB ount tGeass& OiClo v.. Moreoivwteo ru,al pdp etahrta htA ec otf S tatHea mme&r a not(hNeor2s .&3 )O/c cidental doctrreimnaei nst osa j uubdjieaccsitsa els sPmeetnrto Cloeru&pm a. n otvh.Be urt Gtae&ss Oil ofp osseimbblaer ratsos metexhneetc uitni vtCeho e&. a not(hNeor1s .2& )( (81193)A lEl.R . conducitn toefr nraetliaotn(iasoleTn ees x a6s1 6W)h.in leei threart ituohpneoa wnlh ei tchhe Trad&i Mnigl lCionrgp . v. Fedoefr eaalr leRixeepprru obplrdiiecac tiiswoienorb neas s endo,r Nige6r4iF7a. d,2 3(020Cd i r18.91 )). theciorn tinued precedceanltlieadl value, were inqtuoe sttihdoeen c,i csoinotnaa inen mepdh atic 2.B ritaisnhCd o mmwoenalPtrha ctice asseorftt iheoexn i stienBn rciect,oi msmhlo anw , Thte radiatpipornoiaanolc t hhc eorm mloanw o fab roado fSA tcapttr ei nmcoidpellcell eods ely jruisdibcetaiaro ssnt sr ornegs embtlota hnecu ep on Atmheer iecxaanm ple.e xDteesnpsiitvee Ameripcraen- Hickaetntdlieo.Wto uhpietlrhe e r elioannU cnei tSetda ctoeusor pti niLoonrsd, notioof"n A cotfS tahtaegs"e nernaobltel eyn W ilberdfeorricave bi,an sgpi rci ncoifnp olne­ formuatlillyii nz ectdoh nits-e txhte termj ubsetiincfgir aobtmih lAeic ttoy f S tadtoeci tnre, usuarlelsye rvdeedn ottthoeeq u idties tipnrcotc eteoud teidtl hicezo en cteojps utt iqfuyi tae immunwihtitych he Cernojwaontcy o sm mloanw d iefrfernets uRlatt.ht ehraa nc knowltehdeg ing ini ts coowunr tisn jfiuonrrfly i ocnta eldi efnosr mvaall iodfti htfeyo regiogvne rnamcetn taasl outstihdreee a(lsmee e. Bgu.r ovn.D enmaanr ,e souftl htre e futsoqa ule sittiisno nt ernational (81481)5 E4. .R4 50-)usclha ndmdaerckia ssil oengsa tlhiHeto yu,os feL oredxsp redsescllyi ned to PrinPcaelsOesly g va.W ei(s1z(29 9A)l El. Rp.r onoountn hciees sauatel H le.n cec,o untrohtte 51a3n)Ad k sionaOibrsncohyeAes. tMLv.uo t hoern lrye jetchtreee ds poncdoeunnttisem'ar, sci lta v.J ameSsa g&o rC o.(1 (9)2A 1lEl. .R1 38w)a psr emiseidn toenr ntlahetegi aoolfnii,ant tlye r clearrelqyuB irrietc iosuthro ta sc ctehpetef feacltista ho,ef f-sjrhuiosrdei ccltaiioamnf aoolrf e ign off oreeixgpnra otpirAoinna st.t ebmytp htAe d enS tabtueat,l osrod ears etdoa fy ptlihaneft fli'isb el SuprCeomeui rnAt n glo-IOriCalon. Li tadvn.. a ctiaos"n t,ao l liottwo p rocbeuedtde n(yt he Jaff(rTahRteoe s Mea r(yD)ie scioof1n 9 ,5I 3LR,r espontdheoenp tpso)r ttuojn uitsyyt w iofuld Vol2.0 p,.3 1_.6., ;R ose MTahret)yoq , ui afltyh es eem u(nijbuais6tdt3 )."3T. h ceo urtd itdh unso t tradiitnijounnaaclgt aiijonunsd tii cniqauilin rtyjo u rsutol uet ctlhaei mcahnatl'ltseot nhfgeoe r eign thvea liodfi tfayo reign exapcrbtoy p arcitla'etsgi aoblnui ettq yu,a plrleyv etnhtoeet dh er referteon cnteah et ioonfa litothwyen er,s phairpftryo m roenli ytvisan lgi- dais ttya rtlingly allowiinngv essutcwihhg eatrtheie o np ropdeierfrtfeyo nutot fc formoetm h naotr mraelalcybh ye d aliiesni sn volhvaesfd o,u nldi tftollel owAimnegr.ic coaunir ntAs c otf S tactaes (essee e. g. Insttehapedr ,o preers truipcotni sotcnoh opefe D A'ngevl.Po e troMleexoisc 3an3Ao1.s d2,3 88 thper inchiagpsel nee rbaeleclnoy n sidbeer­(eDde,1l 9.7 4)). cauosfce o nfloiflc atpw r inecsti,op ldeopne nd thleo caotfti hopenr op(esrReteeyH elbWeargtg & CoL.t d(.15 961) A lEl. R1.92 )O.n liyn 3.C ivLialwA ttitudes relattoai neo xnp raotpirpoiunr'pso erxtterda teCroruiri­tncs i vlialcw otuirnehsa vgee,n erally torrieaalwc ohu lad c outrhtub see ntittol sepde akeisncgh,et whAeecd ot f S tactoen cept and refusuep htotolh dee f foefct th feo reignt eancdtteo,dr eliyn,s toenac do,n fliocft sl aw whetohne rbt ahsei si noffr iannog fle omceanpltr inciapslseessi snpii annr ugtl,iat crhe,ef fteoc t _.., ordprubel i(cp ubolridce ro)f rotreh qeu ibreeg ­ivetnof orenitagino naldiezcarteieosn menotfis n ternlaat(w_.i., oInnatle rnLaatwi (o_.., n Raelc ognoift iFoonr eigna nLAded g-islative ACTS OF STATE 3 mintairtvsieA ct)sI.n votkehil negrx e sii trauel ei,n varpilaaaby cl eyrn atl irndo elcei wdhitan g tehyh ave uascukanlolwyli enpd rgiendtc eih pelfetf ei,acf n ys,u cdhe cretesob ega irvee tneh by eftfievcenoeffs osr eaitcgwsni h titneh e xprto­pmruinaicciotpuoasrflo ht ecro urnitWeist.th eh (now inSgatt 'etse rriotr(ys eee.,gt e.hS ,o ctieHe ardp­atarile)x ctoeinpo fte hU ntideS atteasn dt,oa muthc asDee,c isi1o59n0 F,ro efn Ccohtu o rf lesesxeettnro, fo hteprat rso ft ehc ommloanw AppaelP,a rRiesv,uC ertq iiudee DtIr tnoreinaw­ortlehdA ,c otfS at teco ntcd eopensoat p pteoar toinaPrli ,Vv ole4.4( 9155p).5 01)b,tur efutsoe hda vaed t eremitvnieai mptao cn etd ihstpoionos fi acctae npeyx rtaetrtrroiieafltf esatc a l(ls eee.,g e.x,p rtoeppdrri oatpyeI.rn cliavjwiu rlti osindsi,c SoctiePe oatsaIsb ervi.Nc ataashn B locDhe,c it­ehb astirercoi rtilaitalmit ioonfs overaeuhitogrni ­ sion of MarchC 2o8ud,reC a1st9osi3na9,t, y a Fntrdehe o nvcehr reifdtfio enflcg o cpaulbo lridc-e r DallRoezc uHeeibld omaddeJa uirries cper,ued veeinnnr etloiant toar nascitotnkasi nplga wciheti n p2.5 7 SavtnNi d.. vP B.t a-aeBsBt. V,D. eciosfit oehne xprtoipnSrgati eta'osw nb ound-asreieems Febru2a81r,9y ,7 D 5itrstiC cotuo rf' Hse trgoen­tob et eh primcaornys tioidneasrf atfienctgeh boscThh,eN etehrlaInLd,MsV ,ol .1 5( 9176)o tuocmeo ft ihsct aegoorfcy asAesss .u cthih,s p.607 )H.o weveevre,in nr etloiant op rotpye prrtacicep robarbelfltyes ce s tahm,me orleit mdei suittadew ihtitneh e xprtoipnSrgatit aet'restr rioiavli eowft ehs overcehiatgrenaor cfS a tteau htotryi jruistodinic,ci lvaicwlo tuhsra vbee en prteop aasar cecdto sue,n., gf .otreh readiwntiehws hsi ch tetts ehl egtaoylff io reeixgpnr tooipndr eicarienet seh sjeru istidoincs ahcactveeeptd eh r etrstivcie tehl itgo htfe hp ubolridcoe tfre h f or(usmee e.,gt .eh oroyfs overiemimgtun,nyw ihitlehec ommon Anglo-IOriaClno iL.atd n.v .S .U..OP.CRo.. l awwo rpledrt esdif soarm uclho npgeerri oofd (ThMeii relDleac)i,os fMi aorn1c h11 ,9 5C3o,tu rtmiei n uphtoehtl ehdoironyfag b stoesl ouvereign ofV enicIeat,lI yL,R V,ol 2.2 , apn.Ad n 1g9l oi­mmtunyi. IranOiiaClno .v .I detmusi KosaKna bushiki KaisDheac,i soifo1 n9s,5D 3itsirtc andH ighL .H ENKIANc, ot fS taTtoed aRye:c olleicnTt riaonn­s CotuorsfT okyJoa,p IaLnR,V, ol 2.0 p,.3 05a)n d quilCiotlyJ,T rVaoln5.s( L 91,6 71)7 5-189. evteaunltlodye ntyeh me veinne trneafltfw ehcerWeH .R EEVETS,h eS abbaCtaisnaeon dt hSea bbatino AmendmeCnotm:e d-yo rT rage-doyfE rrors, tehg overtanlamt ceoinnw afso utnobd e " confis­ VanderLbaiwRl etv iVeolw2,.0 ( 16974)2 9-.5 63 ctaroyi"n n tarue( seee.. --'>g Etartu sse vR..EH .O LLLaWGE ,T heS abbaAtmiennod meCnotn:g res­ Rop,iD teciosfi1 o29n8F ,r enCcohud reC assas­ionMaold ificoaftt ihoAenm eriAccaton f S tate toinA,n .nD i,gV .ol.p4.6, 7a nSdv viB.t t a-aeBst Docnte,rZ iaRoV,V ol2.9 ( 91693)61 -330. (suap))rS. imilbaturr leeyflci,tn ag treharm oreA .L OWENFELADc,ot f S taatneDd e partomfSe tnatt e: First NCaittBiyao nvnk.Ba a ln Ncaoc iodneCa ulb a, catiuocuosen tpco tfe hd esisrcaoboplfaee p plica­ AJIVLo,l6 .6 ( 91727)9 51-48. toino fl ocpaulb loirdcce orn stioidnesWr,ea st D.R.A NDREWASc, t Sotfa-t Eex ecuDteitveer mination, Germcaontu srh avree loinet dih sc reirtiionn ZaRoV,V ol3.5 ( 91754)15 -0. assesfosrieneigxg pnr toiporantic sat,oh ugohn lyM. L EIGaHn Md. DS.A NDLEDRu,n hTiolwla:ar R de con­ inc irctaunmcswehse ars eu ffictliyde intr" enca­sideroafSt aibobna Vtiirngoi,n iao fIJ notuerrnnaal­ tioLnaawlV, ol 1.6 ( 17966)8 51-87. toinailtn"re etas ppeareextdii tsnteh fo o r(usme e P.W EILL,e c ontpraolrle ets r ibunnaatuixod neal uax e.Sgo.c ieMdiandiE elTr ean tieeS n.Av.. Nord­ licienitteer nadteiasoc ntaelsEe t daeettssr angers, detsuchAef fineAr.iGeD. e,c isoifMo anr c1h3 , AFDIV,ol 2.3 ( 19797-)5 2. 197o3ft e hD irstitC cotuo rfH ambuFregd,e rMa.S lI NGETRh, e AocfSt t aDtoec troiftn heUe n ited RepubolfGi ecr maEnnyg,l tiarsnlhtsa oini n: KinogmdA:n A nalywsiitCsho, m partiosU onnist ed StaPtreasc tAiJcIVeLo,,l 7 .5 ( 918)12 83-.3 23 IL,MV ol1.2 (9 173p).2 51 ;--'> ChilCeoapnp er D.LJ.O NEAS,c ot fF oreSitganit nEe n glLiaswhT: h e Natinoaltoiinza,R evibeywC oturso fT hird GhosGto eEsa sVti,r giniao fIJ notuerrnnaalt ional Sattse). LawV,ol 2.2 ( 18924)3 3-.4 79 M.CD.AV ISD, omesDteivce lopomfIe nntte rnational 4.C onlcusion LawA: P ropfoosaarnIl n ternCaotnicooenfpta thl e Acto fS taDtoec trTienxeaI,sn ternaLtaiwo nal Thep receadnianlgoy fsj iuisdc iparltac ice JourVnoal2l.0, ( 91853)4 16-63. would sienedmti etct ahaott eh govertnlam en ntarueo f ltiegviees xloetarvci eud ecrdeoeensso t J.-FPO.N TEYNE

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