Table Of Content

Encyclopedia of Psychology: 8 Volume Set Alan E. Kazdin, PhD, Editor-in-Chief 4128 pages Main Topics Abortion American Board of Professional Artifact: Artifact in Assessment Abreaction Psychology Artificial Intelligence Academia Europaea American Educational Research Art Therapy Academic Assessment-Intervention Link Association Asch, Solomon E. Academic Assessment of Performance American Indian Psychology Asian American Psychology Academic Intervention American Institutes for Research in the Assessment Accidents Behavioral Sciences Association for Behavior Analysis Ach, Narziss K. American Psychiatric Association Association for the Advancement of Achievement Motivation American Psychological Association: Psychology Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome History Associationism Action Research American Psychological Association: Asthma Actuarial Prediction Structure Athletes Addictive Personality American Psychological Association of Athletic Coaching Adjective Checklist Graduate Students Attachment Adler, Alfred American Psychological Foundation Attachment Theory Adolescence: Puberty and Biological American Psychological Society Attention: An Overview Maturation Amnesia Attention: Models of Attention Adolescence: Social Patterns, Analysis of Counts Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Achievements, and Problems Analysis of Variance Attitudes: An Overview Adolescence: Adolescent Thought Anastasi, Anne Attitudes: Attitude Structure Processes Angell, James Rowland Attitudes: Attitude Change Adoption Anger Attitudes: Attitude Measurement Adulthood and Aging: Biological Anhedonia Attraction Processes and Physical Development Animal Learning and Behavior: History Attribution Theories Adulthood and Aging: Cognitive of the Field Auditory Impairment Processes and Development Animal Learning and Behavior: Auditory Pattern Recognition Adulthood and Aging: Personality Theoretical Issues Australia Process and Development Animal Learning and Behavior: Methods Austria Adulthood and Aging: Social Processes of Study Authoritarianism and Development Anorexia Autistic Disorder Aerospace Systems Anthropology Automaticity Aesthetics Anthropometry Aversion Therapy Affect Antianxiety Medication Aviation Psychology Affective Universals Antidepressants Avoidance Learning Affiliation Antipsychotic Medication Back-Translation African American Psychology Antisocial Behavior Bacon, Francis Ageism Antisocial Personality Disorder Bain, Alexander Agency: An Overview Anxiety Baldwin, James Mark Agency: Agency and Control Theory Anxiety Disorders Baltic Countries Agnosias Aphasia Barker, Roger G. Alcoholics Anonymous Applied Behavior Analysis Bartlett, Frederic C. Alcoholism Apprenticeship Bayley, Nancy Alienation Aptitude Tests Beach, Frank A. Allocentrism-Idiocentrism Arab States: Egypt and the Arab States Beck Depression Inventory Allport, Floyd Henry Arab States: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Beebe-Center, John Gilbert Allport, Gordon Willard and Iraq Beers, Clifford Whittingham Altered States of Consciousness Arab States: Saudi Arabia and Kuwait Behavioral Genetics Alternative Dispute Resolution Arab States: Yemen, Oman, and Sudan Behavioral Teratology Alternative Schools Archetypes Behavior Analysis Altruism Archival Research Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism Alzheimer's Disease Aristotle Behavior Therapy American Association for the Arousal Békésy, Georg von Advancement of Science Arthritis Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich Artifact: Artifact in Research Belgium Bender–Gestalt Visual Motor Test Cathexis Comparative Psychology Bentley, Madison Cattell, James McKeen Competency Benussi, Vittorio Cattell, Raymond B. Compliance Bereavement Programs Center for Advanced Study in the Compromise Formation Berkeley, George Behavioral Sciences Compulsive Gambling Bernard, Claude Center for Epidemiologic Studies Computerized Assessment Bias and Equivalence Depression Scale Computerized Psychotherapy Bilingualism Charcot, Jean-Martin Computer Learning Binet, Alfred Child Abuse and Neglect Comte, Auguste Bingham, Walter Van Dyke Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy Concepts: An Overview Biofeedback Child Behavior Checklist Concepts: Structure Biological Psychology Child Custody Concepts: Learning Biomechanics and Kinematics Children's Eyewitness Testimony Concepts: Combinations Bipolar Disorder China Conceptual Change Biran, Maine de Christianity and Psychology Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de Birth Order Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Conduct Disorder Bisexuality Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Confidentiality Bleuler, Eugen Circadian Rhythms: An Overview Conflict Resolution Boas, Franz Circadian Rhythms: Circadian Rhythm Conformity Body Image Disorders Connectionism Bolivia Citizen Participation Consciousness and Unconsciousness: Borderline Personality Disorder Claparède, Édouard An Overview Boredom Clark, Kenneth Bancroft Consciousness and Unconsciousness: Boring, Edwin Garrigues Classical Conditioning Processes Bowlby, John Classrooms: Processes and Consciousness and Unconsciousness: Braid, James Management Cross-Cultural Experience Brain Classrooms: Technology Constructivism Brain Development Client-Centered Therapy Constructivist Psychotherapy Brain Imaging Techniques Clinical Geropsychology Construct Validity Brain Injury and Recovery Clinical Psychology: History of the Field Consumerism of Psychological Services Brainstorming Clinical Psychology: Theories Consumer Products Design Brainwashing Clinical Psychology: Assessment Consumer Psychology Brazil Clinical Psychology: Interventions Content Analysis Brentano, Franz Cocaine Conversation Brett, George S. Cognition Cook, Stuart W. Breuer, Josef Cognitive Anthropology Coombs, Clyde H. Bridgman, Percy Williams Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cooperation and Competition Brief Therapy Cognitive Consistency Theories Coping British Association for the Advancement Cognitive Dissonance Coronary Heart Disease of Science Cognitive Electrophysiology Cost-Benefit Analysis British Psychological Society Cognitive Maps Counseling Process and Outcome Broadbent, Donald E. Cognitive Psychology: History of the Counseling Psychology: History of the Broca, Paul Field Field Bronfenbrenner, Urie Cognitive Psychology: Theories Counseling Psychology: Theories Brown, Roger William Cognitive Psychology: Research Counseling Psychology: Assessments Brunswik, Egon Methods and Interventions Buccola, Gabriele Cognitive Science Society Counterfactual Thought Bühler, Charlotte M. Cognitive Styles: Intelligence Countertransference Bühler, Karl Cognitive Styles: Personality Couples Therapy Bulimia Cognitive Therapy Covert Conditioning Bullying Cognitive Understanding Levels Creativity: An Overview Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook Cohort Effects Creativity: Research on the Processes Burt, Cyril Lodowic Collectivism and Individualism of Creativity Buytendijk, Frederik J. J. College Teaching and Learning Criminality Bystander Phenomenon Colombia Criminal Responsibility Calkins, Mary Whiton Color Vision Crisis Intervention Campbell, Angus Combat Critical Psychiatry Campbell, Donald Thomas Commitment Cross-Cultural Communication Canada Community Ecology Cross-Cultural Counseling Canadian Psychological Association Community Prevention and Intervention: Cross-Cultural Psychology: History of Cancer Prevention with Young Children the Field Cannon, Walter Bradford Community Prevention and Intervention: Cross-Cultural Psychology: Theories Career: Career Choice Prevention with School-Aged Children and Methods of Study Career: Career Development Community Prevention and Intervention: Cross-Cultural Test Adaptation Career: Career Assessment Prevention with Adults Cross-Cultural Training Career: Career Interventions Community Prevention and Intervention: Crowd Behavior Career Counseling Prevention of Depression Crowding Careers in Psychology Community Psychology: History of the Cults Carmichael, Leonard Field Cultural Disintegration Carr, Harvey A. Community Psychology: Theories Cultural Diversity Case Law Community Psychology: Methods of Cultural Pluralism Case Study Study Cultural Psychology Category Accessibility Community Psychology: Prevention and Culture: Cultural Foundations of Human Catharsis Intervention Behavior Culture: Culture and Mental Health Domestic Violence Ethology Culture: Culture and Development Donders, Franciscus Cornelis European Federation of Professional Culture-Bound Disorders Down Syndrome Psychologists' Associations Culture Shock Dreams: Physiology European Science Foundation Cumulative Record Dreams: Theories and Research Evolutionary Psychology Curiosity Dreams: Cross-Cultural Perspectives Exceptional Students Curriculum Development Drever, James Excitement Dallenbach, Karl M. Drive Exercise and Physical Activity Darwin, Charles R. Driving and Highway Safety Exhibitionism Dashiell, John Frederick Drug Abuse Existentialism Data Analysis Drugs Expectancy Effects Data Collection: Field Research Drugs and Intelligence Experiential Psychotherapy Data Collection: Laboratory Research Duncker, Karl Experimental Neurosis Day Care Dunlap, Knight Experimental Psychology Daydreams Durkheim, Émile Expert Testimony Day Treatment Dyslexia Exploratory Data Analysis Deafness and Hearing Loss Early Childhood Extraversion and Introversion Death and Dying Eastern Religions and Philosophies Eyewitness Testimony Deception Eating Disorders Eysenck, Hans Jurgen Decision Making Ebbinghaus, Hermann Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Defense Mechanisms Eclectic Psychotherapy Factor Analysis Deindividuation Ecological Systems Theory False Memory Deinstitutionalization Ecuador Family Psychology: History of the Field Delboeuf, Joseph-Rémi-Léopold Educational Counseling Family Psychology: Theories of Family Delgado, Honorio Educational Psychology Dynamics Delinquency Educational Testing Service Family Psychology: Assessments and Delusions Edwards, Jonathan Interventions Demand Characteristics Ego Family Therapy Depressants, Sedatives, and Hypnotics Ego Psychology Theory Family Violence Depression Ehrenfels, Christian von Fantasy Depth Perception Eidetic Imagery Fathering Dermatological Disorders Elder Abuse and Neglect Fear and Terror de Sanctis, Sante Elder Care Fechner, Gustav Theodor Descartes, René Electroconvulsive Therapy Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, Dessoir, Max Elementary Cognitive Tasks and Cognitive Sciences Determinants of Intelligence: Heritability Elementary Education Feminism: Feminism and Philosophy of Intelligence Ellis, Henry Havelock Feminism: Feminist Psychology Determinants of Intelligence: Emotion: An Overview Feminism: Feminist Psychotherapy Socialization of Intelligence Emotion: Theories Ferenczi, Sandor Determinants of Intelligence: Culture Emotion: Methods of Study Fernberger, Samuel W. and Intelligence Emotional Learning Ferrari, Giulio Cesare Determinants of Intelligence: Schooling Empathic Accuracy Festinger, Leon and Intelligence Empathy Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Determinants of Intelligence: Teaching Employee Assistance Programs Fetishism of Intelligence Employee Training Fibromyalgia Syndrome Determinants of Intelligence: Nutrition Employment Discrimination Field Dependence and Independence and Intelligence Empowerment Field Study Developmental Agenda Encopresis Field Theory Developmental Disorders Endocrine Systems Finland Developmental Psychology: History of Endorphins Fisher, Ronald Aylmer the Field Endstage Renal Disease Five-Factor Model of Personality Developmental Psychology: Theories Enemy Image Flanagan, John C. Developmental Psychology: Research England Flooding Methods Enuresis Flourens, Pierre Developmental Science Environmental Design Research Flournoy, Théodore Dewey, John Environmental Psychology Flow Diabetes Epidemiology Focus Group Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Epilepsy Forensic Psychology Mental Disorders Epistemology Forgetting Dieting Epistemology of Practice Foster Care Differential Aging Erikson, Erik H. Fraisse, Paul Differential Psychology Estes, William Kaye France Direct Observation Ethics: An Overview Frankl, Viktor Emil Discipline Ethics: Ethics in Research Franz, Shepherd Ivory Discrimination Ethics: Ethics in Practice Frenkel-Brunswik, Else Disruptive Behavior Disorders Ethics: Ethics in Publication Freud, Anna Dissociative Disorders Ethnic and Racial Identity: Ethnic Freud, Sigmund Dissociative Identity Disorder Identity Friendship Divorce Ethnic and Racial Identity: Racial Fromm, Erich Dix, Dorothea Lynde Identity Fromm-Reichmann, Frieda Doctoral Degree Ethnocentrism Frontal Lobe Disorders Doctor of Psychology Degree Ethnocultural Psychotherapy Functionalism Doctor-Patient Relationship Ethnography Galen Dolezal, Jan Ethnopedagogy Galton, Francis Game Theory Head Start India Gangs Health Belief Model Individual Differences Gemelli, Agostino Health Promotion Industrial and Organizational Gender, Sex, and Culture: Gender and Health Psychology: History of the Field Psychology: History of the Field Culture Health Psychology: Assessments and Industrial and Organizational Gender, Sex, and Culture: Sex and Interventions Psychology: Theories and Methods of Culture Hearing: Biological Organization Study Gender, Sex, and Culture: Sex Hearing: Behavioral and Functional Industrial and Organizational Differences and Gender Differences Aspects Psychology: Assessments and Gender Constancy Hebb, Donald Olding Interventions Gender Identity Heider, Fritz Infancy: Biological Processes Gender Roles Hellenistic Psychology Infancy: Perception and Motor Gender Schema Helmholtz, Hermann von Development Gender Socialization Helson, Harry Infancy: Learning and Cognitive General Systems Theory and Hemispheric Functions Development Philosophy Henning, Hans Infancy: Emotions and Temperament Generativity Herbart, Johann Friedrich Infancy: Early Experience and Genetic Counseling Hering, Ewald Socialization Genetic Disorders Hermeneutics Informal Learning Genius Heterosexism Information Display Genocide Heterosexuality Information Processing Theories Germain, José Heymans, Gerardus Informed Consent Germany Hispanic Psychology Ingenieros, Jose Gerontology History Inpatient Treatment Gesell, Arnold Lucius Hobbes, Thomas Insomnia Gestalt Psychology Hobbs, Nicholas Institute for Social Research at the Gestalt Therapy Höffding, Harald University of Michigan Ghiselli, Edwin E. Hollingworth, Harry L. Instructional Environment Gibson, Eleanor J. Hollingworth, Leta Stetter Instructional Theories Gibson, James Jerome Holt, Edwin Bisell Instructional Treatments Giftedness Holzkamp, Klaus Integrative Psychotherapy Gilbreth, Lillian Homelessness Intelligence Giner de los Ríos, Francisco Homophobia Interamerican Society of Psychology Goals Homosexuality Interdependence: Interdependence God Concepts Hong Kong Structure Goddard, Henry Herbert Hooker, Evelyn Interdependence: Interdependence Goldstein, Kurt Hopkins Symptom Checklist Theory Goodenough, Florence Laura Hormone Replacement Therapy Interest Government Regulation: Federal Horney, Karen D. Intergroup Relations Regulation Hospice International Association of Applied Government Regulation: State Hotline Services Psychology Regulation Hovland, Carl Iver International Classification of Diseases Graham, Clarence Henry Hull, Clark Leonard International Congress of Psychology Grandparenting Human Behavior and the Natural International Council of Psychologists Greece Environment International Psychology Grief and Loss Human-Computer Interface Design International Relations Griffith, Coleman Roberts Human Error Analysis International Society for the Study of Group Cohesiveness Human Factors Psychology Behavioural Development Grouping and Tracking Humanistic Psychology International Test Commission Group Performance Human Origins International Union of Psychological Groups: Groups and Group Structure Human Performance Theory Science Groups: Group Processes Human Resources Research Interpersonal Psychotherapy Group Therapy Organization Intervention Groupthink Hume, David Interventions Based in Religious Guilford, Joy Paul Humor and Laughter Congregations Guilt Hunt, J. McVicker Intimacy Gulliksen, Harold Hunt, William Alvin Intuition Guthrie, Edwin R. Hunter, Thomas Alexander Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Guttman Scale Hunter, Walter S. Functional Disorders Habituation Husserl, Edmund Islam and Psychology Hall, Granville Stanley Hypertension Israel Hall, Marshall Hypnosis Italy Hallucinations Hypochondriasis Itard, Jean-Marie-Gaspard Hallucinogens Hypothesis Testing Item Response Theory Hamilton, William Id Jaensch, Erich R. Hamilton Rating Scale Identity James, William Handwriting Analysis Illusory Correlation Janet, Pierre Harlow, Harry Frederick Imagination Japan Hartley, David Immune System Jastrow, Joseph Hathaway, Starke R. Implicit Memory Jealousy and Envy Hawthorne Effect Impression Formation Jennings, Herbert Spencer Head, Henry Impression Management Job Loss and Unemployment Headaches Impulsivity Job Satisfaction Head Injury Incest Job Stress Jones, Edward Ellsworth Lehrman, Daniel Sanford Mental Imagery Jones, Mary Cover Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Mental Models Joy Lewin, Kurt Mental Retardation Judaism and Psychology Libido Mental Workload Judd, Charles Hubbard Licensure Mentoring Programs Jung, Carl Gustav Life Course Theory Mesmer, Franz Anton Juries Life Span Psychology Theory Messer, August Justice Likert Scale Meta-Analysis Just World Belief Lindner, Gustav Adolf Metaphysics Kaila, Eino Lipps, Theodor Meumann, Ernst Kant, Immanuel Literacy Mexico Kantor, Jacob R. Literature Meyer, Adolf Katona, George Locke, John Meyerson, Ignace Katz, David Locus of Control Michotte, Albert Edouard Kaufman Assessment Battery for Loeb, Jacques Middle Childhood: Physical and Children Logotherapy Biological Development Keller, Fred Simmons Lombroso, Cesare Middle Childhood: Cognitive Kelley, Truman Lee Lomov, Boris Fydorovich Development Kelly, George Alexander Loneliness Middle Childhood: Education and Kiesow, Federico Longitudinal Research Schooling Kinesthesis Long-Term Potentiation Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Kinsey, Alfred C. Lorenz, Konrad Development Kirkbride, Thomas S. Lotze, Hermann Middle Childhood: Socialization and Klein, Melanie Love: An Overview Social Contexts Klemm, Otto August Love: Spiritual Conceptions of Love Migrants Klineberg, Otto Luria, Alexander R. Miles, Walter Richard Klüver, Heinrich Mach, Ernst Milgram, Stanley Koch, Sigmund Machine Design Milieu Therapy Koffka, Kurt Mainstreaming and Inclusion Military Culture Kohlberg, Lawrence Malingering Military Psychology Köhler, Wolfgang Malpractice Military Service Korea Managed Care Mill, James Kraepelin, Emil Mandated Reporting Mill, John Stuart Krech, David Marbe, Karl Miller, George Armitage Kretschmer, Ernst Marginalization Miller, Neal Elgar Kries, Johannes Von Marijuana Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Krueger, Felix Marriage Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Külpe, Oswald Marx, Karl Inventory Kuo, Zing-Yang Masculine and Feminine Cultures Minority Psychology Labeling Maslow, Abraham Harold Mnemonic Devices Ladd, George Trumbull Mathematical Psychology Mnemonists Ladd-Franklin, Christine Matsumoto, Matataro Modernization La Mettrie, Julien Offray de Max Planck Institute for Human Montessori, Maria Langfeld, Herbert Sidney Development and Education Mood Language: An Overview May, Rollo Mood Disorders Language: Language Acquisition McClelland, David C. Moral Development Language: Language and Brain McCosh, James Moral Discourse Systems McDougall, William Morgan, Clifford Thomas Language: Language Development, McGeoch, John A. Morgan, Conwy Lloyd Syntax, and Communication Mead, George Herbert Morphology Lashley, Karl Spencer Meaning of Life Motion Perception Latent Learning Measures of Association Motivation: An Overview Lavater, Johann Caspar Measures of Intelligence: Intelligence Motivation: Physiological Aspects Law and Psychology Tests Motivation: Assessment Law of Effect Measures of Intelligence: Biological Motora, Yujiro Leadership Theories Motor System Learned Helplessness Measures of Intelligence: Cognitive Mouchet, Enrique Learning: An Overview Theories Mowrer, O. Hobart Learning: Molecular and Cellular Measures of Intelligence: Legal Issues Müller, Georg Elias Aspects Media Effects Müller, Johannes Peter Learning: Conditioning Approach Medical Technology Design Müller-Lyer, Franz Carl Learning: Cognitive Approach for Meditation Multicultural Counseling Humans Meinong, Alexius Multicultural Education Learning: Cognitive Approach for Melton, Arthur Multimodal Therapy Animals Memory: An Overview Multiple Intelligences Learning, Transfer of Memory: Coding Processes Multiple Regression Learning and Memory: In Humans Memory: Constructive Processes Multiple Task Performance Learning and Memory: In Animals Memory: Memory Systems Münsterberg, Hugo Learning and Motivation Memory: Memory and Aging Murchison, Carl Learning Disabilities Memory: Brain Systems Murphy, Gardner Learning Skills Menopause Murray, Henry Alexander Learning Technologies Menstruation Music Learning Theories Mental Health Care Music Perception Le Bon, Gustave Mental Health Law Music Therapy Mutual-Help and Self-Help Parapsychology Poverty: Adulthood Poverty Myers, Charles S. Parent-Child Relationship: Childhood Power Mysticism Parent-Child Relationship: Adolescence Power Motivation Narcissism Parent-Child Relationship: Adulthood Practical Intelligence Narcissistic Personality Disorder Parent Management Training Practitioner Model Narcolepsy Parsons, Frank Pragmatics Narrative Psychology Pastoral Counseling Pregnancy Narrative Therapy Pattern Recognition Prejudice National Academy of Sciences Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Preschool Education National Institute of Mental Health Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Prescription Privileges National Mental Health Association Peace Pressey, Sidney Leavitt National Register of Health Service Peak Experiences Prevention: An Overview Providers in Psychology Pearson, Karl Prevention: Prevention for Infants and National Science Foundation Pediatric Psychology Young Children Natural Selection Pedophilia Prevention: Prevention for School-Aged Nature and Nurture Theories Peer Counseling Children and Adolescents Negotiation Peirce, Charles S. Prevention: Prevention for Adults NEO Personality Inventory Perception and Action Preyer, Wilhelm Netherlands Perceptual Constancies Prince, Morton Neuromuscular Disorders Perceptual Organization Prisoners of War Neuron Performing Arts Prisons and Correctional Institutions Neuropsychology: Theories Personality Privacy Neuropsychology: Testing Personality and Intelligence Private Practice Neuropsychology: Interventions Personality Development: Infancy and Prodigies Neuroscience Early Childhood Professional Consultation Newcomb, Theodore Mead Personality Development: Middle Professional Organizations Newell, Allen Childhood and Adolescence Projective Techniques Newton, Isaac Personality Development: Adulthood Propaganda New Zealand and Aging Proprioception Nietzsche, F. W. Personality Disorders Prosocial Behavior Nightmares Personality Psychology: History of the Prosocial Development in Childhood Night Terrors Field and Adolescence Nissen, Henry Wieghorst Personality Psychology: Theories Psi Beta Nomothetic and Idiographic Orientations Personality Psychology: Methods of Psi Chi Nonhuman Communication Study Psyche and Soul Nonhuman Intelligence Personality Traits Psychiatry Nonparametric Statistics Person-Machine Systems Psychoanalysis: History of the Field Nonrandomized Designs Personnel Selection: Techniques and Psychoanalysis: Theories Nonverbal Communication Instruments Psychoanalysis: Methods of Study Non-Western Therapies Personnel Selection: Selection and the Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis and Norms Law Philosophy North Africa Peru Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalytic Northern Ireland Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich Psychotherapies Norway Phenomenological Psychology Psychobiography NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Phenomenology Psycholinguistics: An Overview Science Philosophy: An Overview Psycholinguistics: Syntax and Grammar Nutrition Philosophy: Philosophy of Mind Psycholinguistics: Semantics Obedience Philosophy: Philosophy of Science Psycholinguistics: Discourse Obesity Phonetics Comprehension Object Relations Theories Phonology Psycholinguistics: Linguistic Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Phrenology Determinism Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Physical Disabilities Psychology: Definition Disorder Piaget, Jean Psychology: Classical Antiquity Oedipus Complex Piéron, Henri Psychology: The Middle Ages Ogden, Robert Morris Pillsbury, Walter B. Psychology: Renaissance through the Olds, James Pinel, Philippe Enlightenment Operant Conditioning: An Overview. Pintner, Rudolf Psychology: Nineteenth Century through Operant Conditioning: Operant Piotrowski, Zygmunt A. Freud Conditioning Chamber Pitch Perception Psychology: Early Twentieth Century Opiates Placebo Effect in Research Design Psychology: Post-World War II Oppositional Defiant Disorder Plato Psychology of Men Optimism and Pessimism Play Psychometrics Organizational Management Play Therapy Psychometric Society Organizational Theories Police Psychology Psychoneuroendocrinology Organizations Political Behavior Psychoneuroimmunology Osgood, Charles Egerton Political Decision Making Psychonomic Society Pain: Mechanisms Political Leadership Psychopathology Pain: Management Pornography Psychopharmacology: Pakistan Porter, Noah Pharmacotherapy Pan, Shu Portugal Psychopharmacology: Panic Disorder Postman, Leo Joseph Ethnopsychopharmacology Paranoia or Delusional Disorder Postmodern Psychology Psychophysics Paranoid Personality Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychosexual Stages Paraprofessionals Poverty: Childhood Poverty Psychosis Psychosomatic Illness Rogers, Carl Ranson Shepard, Roger N. Psychosurgery Role Theory Sherif, Muzafer Psychotherapy: Research Romanes, George John Sherrington, Charles Scott Psychotherapy: Clinical Practice Rorschach, Hermann Shyness Psychotherapy: Approaches Rorschach Test Sibling Relationships Psychoticism Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Sign Languages Public Health Royce, Josiah Simarro, Luis Public Policy Rubin, Edgar Simon, Herbert Alexander Public Service Rumors Simon, Théodore Punishment: Research Rural Communities Single-Case Experimental Design Punishment: Developmental Rush, Benjamin Situated Cognition Perspectives Russia and the Former Soviet Republics Situation Awareness Purkinje, Johannes Sadness Sixteen Personality Factor Qualitative Research Sampling Questionnaire Quality of Life Sanford, Edmund Clark Skinner, Burrhus Frederic Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques Santayana, George Sleep Racism Savant Syndrome Sleep Apnea Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Scale Development Sleep Disorders Randomized Experiments Scene Perception Sleeptalking Rank, Otto Schachter, Stanley Sleepwalking Ranschburg, Pal Schedules of Reinforcement Small, Willard S. Rapaport, David Schema Smell Rape Schizophrenia Smoking Rasch Model Schlosberg, Harold Social Cognition Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy School-Based Collaboration and Social-Cognitive Theory Raynaud's Disease Teaming Social Comparison Reactance School Consultation Social Competence Programs Reaction Time School Dropout Social Desirability Reading School Effectiveness and Improvement Social Distance Refugees School Psychology Social Facilitation Regional Psychological Associations: School Readiness Social Gerontological Theories Regional Psychological Associations in School Refusal Social Identity the United States School Suspension and Expulsion Social Influence Theory Regional Psychological Associations: School Transitions Social Justice Regional Psychological Associations in Schopenhauer, Arthur Social Motivation Canada Schumann, Friedrich Social Network Analysis: Definition and Rehabilitation Psychology Scientist-Practitioner Model History Reid, Thomas SCL-90-R Social Network Analysis: Concepts, Relaxation Training Scotland Applications, and Methods Reliability Scott, Walter Dill Social Neuroscience Religion and Psychology: An Overview Scripture, Edward Wheeler Social Phobia Religion and Psychology: Theories and Sears, Pauline S. Social Psychology: Methods of Study Methods Sears, Robert R. Social Psychology: Applied Social Religion and Psychotherapy: An Seashore, Carl Emil Psychology Overview Seasonal Affective Disorder Social Representations Religion and Psychotherapy: Beliefs and Sechenov, Ivan Mikhailovich Social Settings Training of Psychotherapists Secondary Education Social Skills Training Religious Experience: Belief and Faith Seguin, Edouard Social Support Religious Experience: Religious Self-Concept and Self-Representation Society for Neuroscience Experiences and Practices Self-Consciousness Society for Psychotherapy Research Religious Symbol, Myth, and Ritual Self-Disclosure Society for Research in Child Religious Values and Mental Health Self-Efficacy Development Replication in Research Self-Esteem Society of Experimental Psychologists Representational Tools Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Society of Experimental Social Repressed Memory Self-Regulation Psychology Repression Self-Report Sociohistorical Process Reproductive System Semantic Differential Sociolinguistics Republic of Ireland Sensation Seeking Socrates Research Dissemination Sensory Stores Solomon, Richard Lester Research Methods: History of the Field Sensory Systems Somatoform Disorders Research Methods: Concepts and Sexism South Africa Practices Sex Segregation South America, South Cone Zone of Residential Treatment Programs Sex Stratification Southeast Asia Resilience Sex Therapy Spain Retirement Sexual Conditioning Spatial Vision Retrieval Processes Sexual Disorders Spearman, Charles Edward Reversal Theory Sexual Dysfunctions Special Education Révèsz, Geza Sexual Harassment Specific Phobia Ribot, Théodule Armand Sexually Transmitted Diseases Speech and Language Disorders Richter, Curt Paul Sexual Masochism Speech Production Right to Refuse Treatment Sexual Orientation Spence, Kenneth Wartinbee Rigidity Sexual Sadism Spencer, Herbert Rivers, William Halse Shakow, David Sperry, Roger Wolcott Robotics Shame Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus de) Sport Performance Interventions Therapeutic Communities Watson, John B. Sport Psychology: History of the Field Thibaut, John W. Watt, Henry Jackson Sport Psychology: Research Thinking: An Overview Weber, Ernst Heinrich Sport Psychology: Assessment Thinking: Problem Solving Wechsler, David Sport Psychology: Social Psychology Thinking: Reasoning Wechsler Intelligence Tests Perspectives Thomson, Godfrey Hilton Wechsler Memory Scale Spranger, Eduard Thorndike, Edward Lee Weiss, Albert Paul Standardized Tests Thurstone, Louis Leon Wellness and Illness Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale Time Perception Werner, Heinz Statistical Significance Tinbergen, Nikolaas Wertheimer, Max Stellar, Eliot Titchener, Edward Bradford Wever, Ernest Glen Stereotypes Token Economy Wheeler, Raymond H. Stern, Louis William Tolman, Edward Chace Whipple, Guy M. Stevens, Stanley Smith Touch: Biological Organization Wisdom Stigma Touch: Behavioral and Functional Witasek, Stephan Stimulants Aspects Witmer, Lightner Stone, Calvin P. Training: An Overview Wolpe, Joseph Stout, George Frederick Training: Special Training Issues Women's Health Issues Stratton, George M. Transference Woodworth, Robert Sessions Stress: Definition and Physiology Transpersonal Psychology Woolley, Helen Thompson Stress: Measurement Transportation Systems Design Work Stress: Impact on Health Transsexualism Work Adjustment Theory Strong, Edward Kellogg, Jr. Transvestism Work Conditions Strong Interest Inventory Treatment Working Alliance Student Characteristics Trichotillomania Working Memory Stumpf, Carl Troland, Leonard Thompson Work Performance Subliminal Perception Turkey World Federation for Mental Health Sub-Saharan Africa Tversky, Amos World Health Organization Suburban Communities Twelve-Step Programs Writing Suicide Twins Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian Sullivan, Harry Stack Tyler, Leona E. Xenophobia Sully, James Underwood, Benton J. Yerkes, Robert Mearns Sumner, Francis Cecil Unions Young, Paul Thomas Super, Donald Edwin United States Department of Veterans Zhang, Yao-xiang Superego Affairs Zubin, Joseph Suppes, Patrick Unobtrusive Measures Survey Methodology Upham, Thomas Cogswell Sweden Urban Communities Switzerland Validity Symbolic Interaction Theory Values Sympathy Varona y Pera, Enrique José Synapse Venezuela Systematic Desensitization Veterans System Error Analysis Violence and Aggression Systems Theory Violence Risk Assessment Taine, Hippolyte Virtual Communities Taiwan Virtual Reality Talent Vision and Sight: Structure and Function Taste: Biological Organization Vision and Sight: Behavioral and Taste: Behavioral and Functional Functional Aspects Aspects Vision and Sight: Age-Related Changes, Taste Aversion Learning Optical Factors, and Neural Processes Tavistock Institute Visual Adaptation Teachers: Assessment of Teacher Visual and Design Arts Effectiveness Visual Illusions Teachers: Teacher Relationships Visual Impairment: Physical Causes Team Training Visual Impairment: Psychological Technical and Professional Education Implications Technology: Technology and Visual Search Communication Vives, Juan Luis Technology: Technology and Disabilities Volition Temperament Voluntary and Involuntary Terman, Lewis Madison Hospitalization Terminal Decline Voyeurism Territoriality Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich Terrorism Wales Testing War and Conflict: Effects on General Test Utility Population Teuber, Hans-Lukas War and Conflict: Effects on Military Thematic Apperception Test Personnel Theoretical and Philosophical Ward, James Psychology Warden, Carl John Theory of Mind Warren, Howard Crosby Theory of Reasoned Action Washburn, Margaret Floy A ABORTION. The medical or surgical termination of a pregnancy, abortion is one of the oldest, most com Role of Psychologists monly practiced, and most controversial medical pro The American Psychological Association (APA) and in cedures currently performed in the United States. It dividual psychologists have had a long history of in has been a legal procedure in all states since Roe v. volvement in matters related to psychological factors Wade (1973). when the Supreme Court ruled that the associated with abortion and in disseminating results abortion decision was protected by a woman's right to of research on abortion-related issues. In 1969, the privacy. The Court also noted that the state has legiti APA Council of Representatives adopted a resolution mate interests in protecting both the pregnant that identified termination of unwanted pregnancies as woman's health and potential human life, interests a mental health and child welfare issue, resolving that that grow and reach a compelling pOint at later states termination of pregnancy be considered a civil right of of gestation. Subsequent Supreme Court decisions the pregnant woman. In 1980, APA passed a resolution have eroded the broad abortion rights articulated in supporting the right to conduct scientific research on Roe, while at the same time upholding the general abortion. In 1989, APA passed a resolution to initiate principle of that decision. For example, in Webster v. a public awareness effort to correct the record on the Reproductive Health Services (1989), and Planned Parent scientific findings of abortion research, and appointed hood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992), the a panel of experts to review the best scientific studies Court significantly expanded the states' ability to place of abortion outcomes. The report of this panel was pub restrictions on access to abortion, so long as these re lished in 1990 in Science. strictions do not impose an "undue burden" on Individual psychologists conduct crisis pregnancy women seeking abortions. counseling, help women and girls decide how to resolve Approximately 1 .5 million legal abortions have been an unwanted pregnancy, and counsel women who have performed each year in the United States since Roe v. had an abortion and who report associated distress. Wade. resulting in the annual termination of about 25% Psychological researchers conduct and disseminate re of known pregnancies. Most abortions (more than search on attitudes toward abortion. psychological re 90'XI) a re performed in the first trimester of pregnancy; sponses to abortion. and predictors of those responses. less than 1 % are performed at more than 20 weeks. Psychologists also serve as expert witnesses in court The abortion rate in the United States has been grad cases dealing with abortion-related issues. ually declining since the early 1980s. This decline may be due to a variety of factors. They include the de Characteristics of Abortion Patients creased availability of abortion services; increased ha Demographic characteristics of women obtaining abor rassment by antiabortion activists; the increased cost tions are derived from national surveys of abortion pro of obtaining an abortion; reluctance of providers to viders. According to the Alan Guttmacher Institute. the perform abortions at more than 13 weeks gestation; majority of women obtaining abortions are young (55% changing attitudes toward abortion and unwed moth are younger than 25) and never married (66%). T he erhood; exclusion of abortion from Medicaid coverage; majority have had one or more children (55%). but no and legislative barriers such as the implementation of prior abortions (53%). Based on total numbers, more waiting periods and parental consent rules. White women (61%) than African American or His- I 2 ABORTION panic women obtain abortions. However, the abortion studies is likely to be biased in the direction of over rate for White women is lower than it is for minority estimating the prevalence of postabortion problems women. Black women are approximately three times as among women who obtain legal, first trimester abor likely to have an abortion as White women and His tions. panic women are roughly two times as likely to do so. Psychological experts, including the panel convened Abortion rates are also disproportionately higher by the APA. argue in contrast that the very best sci among women who are disadvantaged economically entific studies show that freely chosen abortion, partic because of poverty or lack of education. Many of these ularly in the first trimester of pregnancy. does not pose demographic factors are intercorrelated, making it dif a significant mental health risk for most women. This ficult to attribute differences in abortion rates to any conclusion is derived from studies based on random single variable. samples of women who have arrived at a doctor's office. The most common reasons women report for ob clinic. or hospital for an abortion. They are asked to taining an abortion are concern that having a baby at participate in a study and are then interviewed on the that point would interfere with work, school, or other day of their abortion and/or some time afterward. responsibilities; the inability to afford a baby financially; These studies generally find that most women do not and partner-related reasons. Motivations to have an report psychological distress after an abortion and that abortion differ substantially among different subgroups the highest rates of distress are generally reported prior of women. Adult mothers, for example, are more likely to the abortion. The conclusion that abortion does not than nonmothers to cite as reasons for obtaining an pose a mental health risk for most women is also de abortion, completion of childbearing along with re rived from epidemiological studies of large populations sponsibilities to others, including other children. of women whose prior abortion history is known. These studies generally find no higher incidence of psycho Controversy over Psychological logical problems among women who have had an abor Consequences of Abortion tion than among women who have not. Although these Contemporary debates over abortion often focus on psy studies also have methodological limitations. they are chological issues. One controversy centers on whether generally much sounder scientifically than those used abortion is psychologically damaging to women. This to support the argument that severe negative reactions controversy became a public policy debate in 1987. to abortion are common. when President Ronald Reagan directed Surgeon Part of the difficulty in drawing firm conclusions General C. Everett Koop to prepare a report on the psy about the psychological effects of abortion results from chological and physical health effects of abortion. After the fact it is impossible to separate the effects of abor reviewing the evidence. Koop declined to issue such a tion from the effects of experiencing an unwanted preg report. Rather. in a letter to President Reagan, the nancy. Both of these are potentially stressful events. Ul surgeon-general concluded that "the scientific studies timately, the mental health risks of abortion must be do not provide conclusive data on the health effects of compared to the mental health risks of its alternatives abortion on women." motherhood or adoption. However, no well-controlled Individuals on both sides of the abortion debate dis studies are available that compare all three groups, per agree with Koop's conclusion. Prolife advocates argue haps because relatively few women choose the adoption that over time, many or most women who have an alternative. In contrast, a number of well-designed abortion suffer psychological damage as a result. Ad studies have compared the psychological well-being of vocates of this view have lobbied the American Psy women who have had abortions to the well-being of chiatric Association to recognize postabortion syn women who have carried an unintended pregnancy to drome as a psychiatric diagnostic category. Support for term and kept the child. The measures of well-being this position is based on clinical case studies that derive that were used in these studies include self-esteem. anx from two separate sources: (1) women who have sought iety. incidence of psychiatric disorder. progress in professional help for psychological problems following school. and economic status. All of these studies have their abortions; (2) w omen who were specifically solic reached the same conclusion-th at the well-being of ited as participants because they identified themselves women who have abortions is generally either better in advance as having suffered psychological trauma fol than, or not significantly different from. that of women lowing abortion. In addition to relying on samples of who carry an unplanned pregnancy to term and keep women who identified themselves as experiencing post the baby. abortion adjustment problems, many of these studies Although most women do not experience Significant fail to distinguish between whether the abortion was psychological distress following an abortion, some do. performed legally or illegally and whether it was per The reactions of these women should not be dismissed formed in the first or second trimester of pregnancy. as inconsequential and deserve attention from psychol Because of these methodological issues. this group of ogists. It is important to remember. however. that dis-