Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 5: Middle America PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 5: Middle America
Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 5: Middle America Encyclopedia of Prehistory General Editors: Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember Volume 1: Africa Volume 2: Arctic and Subarctic Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania Volume 4: Europe Volume 5: Middle America Volume 6: North America Volume 7: South America Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia Volume 9: Cumulative Index Encyclopedia of Prehistory 5: Middle America Volume Edited by Peter N. Peregrine Lawrence University Appleton, Wisconsin and Melvin Ember Human Relations Area FilesIYale University New Haven, Connecticut Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of prehistory/edited by Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 5. Middle America ISBN 978-1-4684-7132-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-0525-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0525-9 I. Prehistoric peoples-Encyclopedias. 2. Antiquities, Prehistoric-Encyclopedias. I. Human Relations Area Files, Inc. GN710 .E53 2000 960' .l'03-dc21 99-049489 ISBN 978-1-4684-7132-8 © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 http://www.wkap.nl/ 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. ADVISORY BOARD STANLEY H. AMBROSE University of Illinois, Urbana ROBERT E. ACKERMAN Washington State University BETTINA ARNOLD University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee RICHARD E. BLANTON Purdue University UMESH CHATTOPADHYAYA University of Allahabad JAMES DENBOW University of Texas, Austin D. BRUCE DICKSON Texas A&M University TIMOTHY K. EARLE Northwestern University GARY M. FEINMAN The Field Museum ANTONIO GILMAN California State University, Northridge JONATHAN HAAS The Field Museum MARY HELMS University of North Carolina, Greensboro WILLIAM F. KEEGAN Florida Museum of Natural History LAWRENCE H. KEELEY University of Illinois, Chicago JAIME LITVAK KING Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico PHILIP KOHL Wellesley College ALEXANDER LESKOV German Archaeological Institute WILLIAM D. LIPE Washington State University JOYCE MARCUS University of Michigan RONALD J. MASON Lawrence University VINCENT PIGOTT University of Pennsylvania THOMAS J. RILEY North Dakota State University ANNA C. ROOSEVELT The Field Museum JEREMY A. SABLOFF University of Pennsylvania FRED SMITH Northern Illinois University ANNE P. UNDERHILL The Field Museum NIKOLAAS J. VAN DER MERWE Harvard University RICHARD ZETTLER University of Pennsylvania The Encyclopedia of Prehistory was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files CHRAF) at Yale University. The foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, HRAF is a nonprofit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The mission of HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the cross-cultural study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information, indexed according to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of the world. An increasing portion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more than 365 cultures, is accessible electronically each year to member institutions. The HRAF Collection of Archaeology, the first installment of which appeared in 1999, is accessible electronically each year to those member institutions opting to receiving it. Each year the Collection of Archaeology adds indexed full-text materials on a random sample of the major traditions in the Encyclopedia of Prehistory. After a tradition has been included in the Collection of Archaeology, HRAF plans to add materials on the complete archaeological sequence relevant to the tradition. Contributors Sarah Berry George L. Cowgill Human Relations Area Files, Inc. Department of Anthropology New Haven, Connecticut Arizona State University United States Tempe, Arizona United States Richard E. Blanton Department of Sociology and Anthropology Leon Doyon Purdue University Human Relations Area Files, Inc. West Lafayette, Indiana New Haven, Connecticut United States United States Timothy H. Charlton Evan Engwall Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Arlington Univeristy of Iowa Arlington, Texas Iowa City, Iowa United States United States Richard Cooke Gary M. Feinman Unit 948 Department of Anthropology Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute The Field Museum United States United States Francisco Corrales Ulloa Laura Finsten Department of Anthropology and History Department of Anthropology National Museum of Costa Rica McMaster University San Jose Hamilton, Ontario Costa Rica Canada vii viii Contributors Paul R. Fish Frederick Lange Arizona State Museum Universidad Technologica de EI Salvador University of Arizona San Salvador Tucson, Arizona Republic of EI Salvador United States Richard MacNeish Robert Fry Andover Foundation for Archaeological Department of Anthropology Research Purdue University Andover, Massachusetts West Lafayette, Indiana United States United States Thomas P. Myers Christopher Glew Division of Anthropology Museum of Anthropology University of Nebraska State Museum University of Michigan Lincoln, Nebraska Ann Arbor, Michigan United States United States R. Sergio Herrera Deborah L. Nichols Office of Research Department of Anthropology University of Missouri Dartmouth College Columbia, Missouri Hanover, New Hampshire United States United States Thomas Hester Peter N. Peregrine Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology University of Texas Lawrence University Austin, Texas Appleton, Wisconsin United States United States John Hoopes Helen Pollard Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology University of Kansas Michigan State University Lawrence, Kansas East Lansing, Michigan United States United States Harry Iceland Department of Anthropology Christopher Pool Department of Anthropology Florida Atlantic University University of Kentucky Boca Raton, Florida Lexington, Kentucky United States United States William Keegan Florida Museum of Natural History Robert Sharer University of Florida University of Pennsylvania Museum Gainesville, Florida Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States United States Contributors ix Karen E. Stothert John M. Weeks Center for Archaeological Research University Museum Library University of Texas at San Antonio University of Pennsylvania San Antonio, Texas Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States United States Phil C. Weigand Centro de Estudios Anthropologicos Solveig Turpin Colegio de Michoacan Institute for Latin American Studies Zamora, Michoacan University of Texas Mexico Austin, Texas United States James A. Zeidler Center for Environmental management of Military Lands Peter van Rossum Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission Colorado State University Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania Fort Collins, Colorado United States United States Preface The Encyclopedia of Prehistory represents temporal dimension. Major traditions are an attempt to provide basic information also defined by a somewhat different set of on all archaeologically known cultures, sociocultural characteristics than are eth covering the entire globe and the entire nological cultures. Major traditions are prehistory of humankind. It is designed as defined based on common subsistence a tool to assist in doing comparative practices, sociopolitical organization, and research on the peoples of the past. Most material industries, but language, ideology, of the entries are written by the world's and kinship ties play little or no part in foremost experts on the particular areas their definition because they are virtually and time periods. unrecoverable from archaeological con The Encyclopedia is organized accord texts. In contrast, language, ideology, and ing to major traditions. A major tradition kinship ties are central to defining ethno is defined as a group ofp opulations sharing logical cultures. similar subsistence practices, technology, There are three types of entries in the and forms of sociopolitical organization, Encyclopedia: the major tradition entry, which are spatially contiguous over a rela the regional subtradition entry, and the tively large area and which endure tempo site entry. Each contains different types of rally for a relatively long period. Minimal information, and each is intended to be areal coverage for a major tradition can used in a different way. The major tradi be thought of as something like 100,000 tion entry is a general summary of infor square kilometers, while minimal tempo mation about a single major tradition; it ral duration can be thought of as some provides descriptive information about thing like five centuries. Major traditions the environment and culture of the people are not quite like cultures in an ethnolog whose lifeways comprised the tradition. ical sense because, in addition to socio The major tradition entry lacks formal culturally defining characteristics, major references but provides a list of suggested traditions generally have a more extended readings. Although the geographical and xi
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