Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 4: Europe PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 4: Europe
I o o - 0 Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 4: Europe Encyclopedia of Prehistory General Editors: Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember Volume 1: Africa Volume 2: Arctic and Subarctic Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania Volume 4: Europe Volume 5: Middle America Volume 6: North America Volume 7: South America Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia Volume 9: Cumulative Index Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 4: Europe Edited by Peter N. Peregrine Lawrence University Appleton, Wisconsin and Melvin Ember Human Relations Area FilesIYale University New Haven, Connecticut Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eneyclopedia of prehistory/edited by Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember p. em. Includes bibliographicaI references and index. Contents: v. 4. Europe ISBN 978-1-4684-7131-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-1187-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1187-8 I. Prehistoric peoples-Eneyclopedias. 2. Antiquities, Prehistorie-Eneyclopedias. I. Human Relations Area Files, Ine. GN710 .E53 2000 960'.1 '03-de21 99-049489 © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York OriginaIly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 http://www.wkap.nV 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved A C.I.P. reeord for this book is available from the Library of Congress No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronie, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, reeording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. ADVISORY BOARD STANLEY H. AMBROSE University of Illinois, Urbana ROBERT E. ACKERMAN Washington State University BETTINA ARNOLD University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee RICHARD E. BLANTON Purdue University UMESH CHATTOPADHYAYA University of Allahabad JAMES DENBOW University of Texas, Austin D. BRUCE DICKSON Texas A&M University TIMOTHY K. EARLE Northwestern University GARY M. FEINMAN The Field Museum ANTONIO GILMAN California State University, Northridge JONATHAN HAAS The Field Museum MARY HELMS University of North Carolina, Greensboro WILLIAM F. KEEGAN Florida Museum of Natural History LAWRENCE H. KEELEY University of Illinois, Chicago JAIME LITVAK KING Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico PHILIP KOHL Wellesley College ALEXANDER LESKOV German Archaeological Institute WILLIAM D. LIPE Washington State University JOYCE MARCUS University of Michigan RONALD J. MASON Lawrence University VINCENT PIGOTT University of Pennsylvania THOMAS J. RlLEy North Dakota State University ANNA C. ROOSEVELT The Field Museum JEREMY A. SABLOFF University of Pennsylvania FRED SMITH Northern Illinois University ANNE P. UNDERHILL The Field Museum NIKOLAAS J. VAN DER MERWE Harvard University RICHARD ZETTLER University of Pennsylvania The Encyclopedia of Prehistory was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University. The foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, HRAF is a nonprofit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The Inission of HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the cross-cultural study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one Inillion pages of information, indexed according to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of the world. An increasing portion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more than 365 cultures, is accessible electronically each year to member institutions. The HRAF Collection of Archaeology, the first installment of which appeared in 1999, is accessible electronically each year to those member institutions opting to receiving it. Each year the Collection of Archaeology adds indexed full-text materials on a random sample of the major traditions in the Encyclopedia of Prehistory. After a tradition has been included in the Collection of Archaeology, HRAF plans to add materials on the complete archaeological sequence relevant to the tradition. bu Contri tors Bettina Arnold Michael Galaty Department of Anthropology Department of Sociology/Anthropology University of Wisconsin Millsaps College Milwaukee Wisconsin Jackson, Mississippi United States United States William Barnett Field Museum Dragos Gheorghiu Chicago, Illinois Bucharest United States Romania Xavier Clop Garcia HaskeD Greenfield D' Anthropologia Social I Prehistoria Department of Anthropology Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona University of Manitoba Bellatera Winnipeg Spain Canada D. Bruce Dickson Dept. of Anthropology Alice Haeussler Texas A&M University Department of Anthropology College Station" Texas Arizona State University United States Tempe, Arizona United States James Enloe Department of Anthropology University of Iowa Steve Jones Iowa City, Iowa Albany, New York United States United States vii viii Contributors Tamaz Kiguradze Peter N. Peregrine State Museum of Georgia Department of Anthropology Tiblisi Lawrence University Georgia Appleton, Wisconsin United Staes Philip Kohl Ann Pike-Tay Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology Wellesley College Vassar College Wellesley, Massachusetts Poughkeepsie, New York United States United States Elena Kuzmina Christopher Prescott Institute for Cultural Reaserach IAKN, Norkish Moscow Arkeologi Russia Oslo, Norway Katina Lillios Ralph Rowlett Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology Ripon College University of Missouri Ripon, Wisconsin Columbia, Missouri United States United States Nathalie Shishlina Sam Lucy Department of Archaeology Department of Archaeology State Historical Museum University of Durham Moscow Durham Russia United Kingdom Lawrence Guy Straus Sarunas Milisauskas Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico State University of New York Albuquerque New Mexico Buffalo, New York United States United States Timothy Taylor Sarah Milliken Department of Archaeological Sciences Department of Archaeology University of Bradford University College Cork Bradford West Yorkshire Republic of Ireland United Kingdom Matthew Murray Henrik Thrane Department of Anthropology Prehistoric Archaeology Minnesota State University University of Aarhus Mankato, Minnesota Moesgaard, Hoejbjerg United States Denmark Preface The Encyclopedia of Prehistory represents also defined by a somewhat different set of an attempt to provide basic information sociocultural characteristics than are eth on all archaeologically known cultures, nological cultures. Major traditions are covering the entire globe and the entire defined based on common subsistence prehistory of humankind. It is designed as practices, sociopolitical organization, and a tool to assist in doing comparative material industries, but language, ideology, research on the peoples of the past. Most and kinship ties play little or no part in of the entries are written by the world's their definition because they are virtually foremost experts on the particular areas unrecoverable from archaeological con and time periods. texts. In contrast, language, ideology, and The Encyclopedia is organized accord kinship ties are central to defining ethno ing to major traditions. A major tradition logical cultures. is defined as a group ofp opulations sharing There are three types of entries in the similar subsistence practices, technology, Encyclopedia: the major tradition entry, and forms of sociopolitical organization, the regional subtradition entry, and the which are spatially contiguous over a rela site entry. Each contains different types of tively large area and which endure tempo information, and each is intended to be rally for a relatively long period. Minimal used in a different way. The major tradi areal coverage for a major tradition can tion entry is a general summary of infor be thought of as something like 100,000 mation about a single major tradition; it square kilometers, while minimal tempo provides descriptive information about ral duration can be thought of as some the environment and culture of the people thing like five centuries. Major traditions whose lifeways comprised the tradition. are not quite like cultures in an ethnolog The major tradition entry lacks formal ical sense because, in addition to socio references but provides a list of suggested culturally defining characteristics, major readings. Although the geographical and traditions generally have a more extended temporal range of the major tradition temporal dimension. Major traditions are entry was stipulated for the authors, they ix
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