Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 1: Africa PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 1: Africa
I o o 0 Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa Encyclopedia of Prehistory General Editors: Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember Volume 1: Africa Volume 2: Arctic and Subarctic Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania Volume 4: Europe Volume 5: Middle America Volume 6: North America Volume 7: South America Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia Volume 9: Index to All Volumes Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa Edited by Peter N. Peregrine Lawrence University Appleton. Wisconsin and Melvin Ember Human Relations Area FilesIYale University New Haven. Connecticut Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of prehistory/edited by Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. Africa ISBN 978-1-4684-7128-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-1193-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9 1. Prehistoric peoples-Encyclopedias. 2. Antiquities, Prehistoric-Encyclopedias. I. Human Relations Area Files, Inc. GN710 .E53 2000 960'.1 '03-dc21 99-049489 © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer AcademiclPlenum Publishers in 2001 http://www.wkap.nll 10987654321 All rights reserved A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. ADVISORY BOARD STANLEY H. AMBROSE University of Illinois, Urbana ROBERT E. ACKERMAN Washington State University BETTINA ARNOLD University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee RICHARD E. BLANTON Purdue University UMESH CHATTOPADHYAYA University of Allahabad JAMES DENBOW University of Texas, Austin D. BRUCE DICKSON Texas A&M University TIMOTHY K. EARLE Northwestern University GARY M. FEINMAN The Field Museum ANTONIO GILMAN California State University, Northridge JONATHAN HAAS The Field Museum MARY HELMS University of North Carolina, Greensboro WILLIAM F. KEEGAN Florida Museum of Natural History LAWRENCE H. KEELEY University of Illinois, Chicago JAIME LITVAK KING Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico PHILIP KOHL Wellesley College ALEXANDER LESKOV German Archaeological Institute WILLIAM D. LIPE Washington State University JOYCE MARCUS University of Michigan RONALD J. MASON Lawrence University VINCENT PIGOTT University of Pennsylvania THOMAS J. RILEY North Dakota State University ANNA C. ROOSEVELT The Field Museum JEREMY A. SABLOFF University of Pennsylvania FRED SMITH Northern Illinois University ANNE P. UNDERHILL The Field Museum NIKOLAAS J. VAN DER MERWE Harvard University RICHARD ZETTLER University of Pennsylvania The Encyclopedia of Prehistory was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University. The foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, HRAF is a nonprofit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The mission of HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the cross-cultural study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information, indexed according to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of the world. An increasing portion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more than 365 cultures, is accessible electronically each year to member institutions. The HRAF Collection of Archaeology, the first installment of which appeared in 1999, is accessible electronically each year to those member institutions opting to receiving it. Each year the Collection of Archaeology adds indexed full-text materials on a random sample of the major traditions in the Encyclopedia of Prehistory. After a tradition has been included in the Collection of Archaeology, HRAF plans to add materials on the complete archaeological sequence relevant to the tradition. Contributors Stanley Ambrose Northridge, California Department of Anthropology United States University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Alicia L. Hawkins United States Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Sibel Barut-Kusimba Toronto, Ontario Department of Anthropology Canada The Field Museum Chicago, Illinois Maxine Kleindienst United States Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Christopher DeCorse at Mississauga Department of Anthropology Mississauga, Ontario Syracuse University Canada Syracuse, New York United States Christiana Kohler Australian Center for Egyptology Harold Dibble Macquarie University Museum of Archaeology Sydney, New South Wales and Anthropology Australia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States David Lubell Department of Anthropology Antonio Gilman University of Alberta Department of Anthropology Edmonton, Alberta California State University Canada vii viii Contributors Susan Keech McIntosh Andrew Smith Department of Anthropology Department of Archaeology Rice University University of Capetown Houston, Texas Rondebosch United States South Africa Fred Smith Sheryl Miller Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology Northern Illinois University Pitzer College DeKalb, Illinois Claremont, California United States United States Sam Spiers Department of Anthropology Peter N. Peregrine Syracuse University Department of Anthropology Syracuse, New York Lawrence University United States Appleton, Wisconsin United States Lyn Wadley Department of Archaeology Dmitry Proussakov University of Witwatersrand Department of History and Culture Johannesburg of the Ancient East South Africa Institute of Oriental Studies Moscow Fred Wendorf Russia Department of Anthropology Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas John H. Robertson United States Behavioral Sciences Department Mount Royal College Frank Winchell Calgary, Alberta Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Canada Arlington, Virginia United States Collette Roubet Hans-Peter Wotzka Museum National d'Historie Naturelle Seminar fUr Vor- und Fruhgeschichte Institute de Paleontologie Humaine Universitat Frankfurt Paris Frankfurt am Main France Germany Stephen H. Savage Thomas Wyrwoll Tempe, Arizona Frankfurt am Main United States Germany Preface The Encyclopedia of Prehistory represents also defined by a somewhat different set of an attempt to provide basic information sociocultural characteristics than are eth on all archaeologically known cultures, nological cultures. Major traditions are covering the entire globe and the entire defined based on common subsistence prehistory of humankind. It is designed as practices, sociopolitical organization, and a tool to assist in doing comparative material industries, but language, ideology, research on the peoples of the past. Most and kinship ties play little or no part in of the entries are written by the world's their definition because they are virtually foremost experts on the particular areas unrecoverable from archaeological con and time periods. texts. In contrast, language, ideology, and The Encyclopedia is organized accord kinship ties are central to defining ethno ing to major traditions. A major tradition logical cultures. is defined as a group ofp opulations sharing There are three types of entries in the similar subsistence practices, technology, Encyclopedia: the major tradition entry, and forms of sociopolitical organization, the regional sub tradition entry, and the which are spatially contiguous over a rela site entry. Each contains different types of tively large area and which endure tempo information, and each is intended to be rally for a relatively long period. Minimal used in a different way. The major tradi areal coverage for a major tradition can tion entry is a general summary of infor be thought of as something like 100,000 mation about a single major tradition; it square kilometers, while minimal tempo provides descriptive information about ral duration can be thought of as some the environment and culture of the people thing like five centuries. Major traditions whose lifeways comprised the tradition. are not quite like cultures in an ethnolog The major tradition entry lacks formal ical sense because, in addition to socio references but provides a list of suggested culturally defining characteristics, major readings. Although the geographical and traditions generally have a more extended temporal range of the major tradition temporal dimension. Major traditions are entry was stipulated for the authors, they ix
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