Table Of Content

US_002_003_Title.indd 2 17/06/19 2:40 PM E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F P L A N T S & F L O W E R S E D I T O R - I N - C H I E F C H R I S T O P H E R B R I C K E L L US_002_003_Title.indd 3 28/06/2019 14:26 CONTRIBUTORS FOURTH EDITION CONTRIBUTORS AND CONSULTANTS Christopher Brickell Rock plants Duncan Donald Clematis and Lilies Dawn Edwards Argyranthemum, Desmodium, Geum, Indigofera, Pachypodium, Peperomia, and Streptocarpus Mike Grant Ferns Sharon McDonald Chrysanthemums, Dahlias, and Daffodils Andrew Mikolajski Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials Charles Nelson Heathers Martin Page Annuals, Aquatics, Biennials, Grasses, Irises, Palms, Perennials, and Shrubs Charles Quest-Ritson Roses Keith Rushforth Trees Christopher Sanders Trees, Shrubs, and Climbers Julian Shaw Tender and Exotic plants Ivor Stokes Rhododendrons Jennifer Trehane Camellias David Ward Bulbs Christopher Whitehouse Tender Trees and Shrubs FIRST EDITION CONTRIBUTORS Susyn Andrews Hollies Larry Barlow with W.B. Wade Chrysanthemums Kenneth A. Beckett Shrubs, Climbers, with David Pycraft Bromeliads, Plant Selector John Brookes with Linden Hawthorne Introduction Eric Catterall with Richard Gilbert Begonias Allen J. Coombes Plant Origins, Trees, Shrubs, Glossary Philip Damp with Roger Aylett Dahlias Kate Donald Peonies, Daffodils Kath Dryden Rock plants Raymond Evison Clematis Diana Grenfell Hostas Peter Harkness Roses Linden Hawthorne Chapter introductions Terry Hewitt Cacti and other Succulents David Hitchcock Carnations and Pinks Hazel Key Pelargoniums Sidney Linnegar Irises Brian Mathew Irises, Bulbs Victoria Matthews Climbers, Lilies, Tulips David McClintock Grasses, Bamboos, Rushes, and Sedges Diana Miller Perennials with Richard Gilbert African violets John Paton Perennials Charles Puddle Camellias Wilma Rittershausen with Sabina Knees Orchids Peter Q. Rose with Hazel Key Ivies Keith Rushforth Conifers A.D. Schilling Rhododendrons and Azaleas Arthur Smith Gladioli Philip Swindells with Peter Barnes Ferns with Kath Dryden and Jack Wemyss-Cooke Primulas with Peter Robinson Water plants John Thirkell Delphiniums Alan Toogood Annuals and Biennials Major General Patrick Turpin Heathers with David Small Michael Upward Perennials John Wright with Nancy Darnley Fuchsias US_004_005_Preface.indd 4 28/06/2019 14:26 PREFACE This new edition of the Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers is a testament to the continuing value of this reference for gardeners. It is nearly 20 years since the first edition was published, and this special work continues to earn its place on any bookshelf. We have endeavored to make information available to all on every aspect of horticulture. What makes this encyclopedia so special is the breadth of its appeal to both beginners and experienced gardeners. As a reference work, it covers all of the key areas of how to create a garden and provides detailed plant profiles in its extensive A–Z dictionary. It is the plant catalog, however, that really gives this book its wide reach, removing barriers to accessing information and providing inspiration for all gardeners. Structured according to garden use, plant form, color, and size, this section allows readers to find the plants they need without any prior horticultural knowledge. The detailed descriptions, accurate naming, and cultivation advice is of use to everyone. In all, this is the ideal introduction to garden plants and how to use them. Garden plants continue to increase in diversity. Expert nurseries breed new forms and gardeners continually experiment with where and how to grow plants. These advances are especially important today, as the increasing impact of climate change presents us with both challenges and opportunities. This new edition is updated with some of these recent introductions, and reflects our most recent knowledge about our changing world. As Director of Horticulture for the Royal Horticultural Society in the United Kingdom, I am privileged to be involved with all four of our established gardens—RHS Wisley, Rosemoor, Hyde Hall, Harlow Carr, and our developing fifth garden, RHS Bridgewater in Salford. Walking around these gardens with the curators and their teams, discussing new plans and developments, is to enjoy a living reflection of this encyclopedia. Every garden has a well-used copy, constantly referenced by both students and experienced staff to check facts and to catalyze new ideas. Our thanks and gratitude is due again to the Editor-in-Chief, Chris Brickell. His name is synonymous with many of the books that helped galvanize my early interest in gardening and my subsequent training, so it’s an immense pleasure for me to write this preface. I also wish to thank and acknowledge the extensive number of expert contributors for so freely sharing their knowledge. I am delighted to introduce this new edition, which I hope will continue to inspire all to garden. Dr. Tim Upson Director of Horticulture, The Royal Horticultural Society, 2019 US_004_005_Preface.indd 5 28/06/2019 14:26 US_006_007_Contents.indd 6 17/06/19 2:40 PM CONTENTS Preface 5 Climbers and Rock plants 328 wall shrubs 188 Large 332 How to use this book 8 Clematis 198 Plant names and origins 10 Wisteria 205 Small 347 Gentians 370 Honeysuckle 207 Creating a garden 12 Houseleeks 377 Plant selector 31 Perennials 212 Bulbs 378 including Grasses, Bamboos, including Corms and Tubers PLANT CATALOG Rushes, Sedges, and Ferns Large 382 Large 216 Trees 56 Delphiniums 217 Gladioli 384 including Conifers Himalayan poppies 218 Alstroemerias 387 Large 60 Echinacea 221 Lilies 388 Cannas 394 Japanese anemones 222 Medium 69 Dahlias 396 Magnolias 70 Medium 223 Ornamental bark 78 Irises 224 Medium 399 Tulips 400 Aquilegias 226 Small 80 Daffodils 404 Peonies 228 Flowering dogwoods 87 Crocosmia 410 Astilbes 232 Sorbus 91 Persicaria 234 Hollies 94 Small 414 Penstemons 236 Crocuses 417 Large conifers 95 Oriental poppies 238 Phlox 240 Water and bog plants 430 Medium conifers 99 Campanulas 241 Water lilies 440 Daylilies 244 Small conifers 103 Yarrow 247 Dwarf conifers 105 Tender and exotic plants 446 Helenium 248 including Cacti and other Michaelmas daisies 249 Shrubs 106 succulents Salvias 250 Large 110 Trees 450 Rudbeckia 251 Buddlejas 114 Chrysanthemums 252 Shrubs 453 Lilacs 115 Red hot pokers 254 Witch hazels 118 Climbers 459 Small 254 Medium 120 Primulas 257 Perennials 465 Camellias 120 Lungworts 261 Orchids 466 Rhododendrons 124 Carnations and pinks 266 Bromeliads 471 Cornus 126 Hostas 272 African violets 472 Hydrangeas 134 Hylotelephiums 279 Gingers 477 Shrubs for berries 142 Lenten roses 281 Cacti and other succulents 479 Heuchera and x Heucherella 282 Small 145 Agaves 482 Hardy fuchsias 154 Grasses, Bamboos, Rushes, Aloes 493 Salvias 155 and Sedges 284 Lavenders 158 Heathers 166 Ferns 290 PLANT DICTIONARY Roses 168 Annuals, biennials, Shrub and Old Garden roses 172 and bedding 294 Index of common names 730 Hips and prickles 176 Fuchsias 302 Glossary of terms 738 Modern roses 177 Pelargoniums 309 Climbing roses 184 Begonias 317 Acknowledgments 740 US_006_007_Contents.indd 7 17/06/19 2:40 PM MEDIUM SPRING WHITE PINK HOW TO USE THIS BOOK MEDIUM SPRING WHITE PINK RED The core of this book is its two main sections—The Plant Catalog and the Plant Dictionary. Here you will find descriptions and cultivation advice for thousands of plants. Plant Names and Origins explains the Ribes sanguineum ‘Pulborough Scarlet’ (Flowering currant) Deciduous, upright shrub that in system for classifying and naming plants, while Creating a Garden srepdri nflgow beerasr sa mpeidn daernotm, tautibcu, ldaar,r kd egerpe e n lfeoallvoews,e wd ibthy 3b–la5c lko bfreusi,t ss owmiteht iam es 10ft 3m bs offers advice on design, planting, and basic pruning. 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Has plaarnotmsa, tficr,a gglorsasny, td parlka gnrtese,n a lneadv etsh ose suitable for hedges and plagnltoss fsoy,r dyaorukr ggraeredne lne aves and pink- wicnomdpborseeadk osf .3 M–5 alinneya ra lreeafl ientsc. lCuldusetder si n the Plant Catalog and basfleuds hoend ,t hwehiri tsei zfleo wore rs in early spring, aroef cscreonstesd-r, wefheitree flnocweedrs t, op inak p-fliucsthuerde i na nd full description. colfoorlilnogw,e tdh eb yP glarnete nCiastha-lyoegll ow fruits. bud, are produced in profusion in spring and then quite often 10ft 3m is the place to start. Ch1oi0syaf tt e3rnmata Myrtus communis (Common myrtle) Rhododendron ‘Percy Wiseman’ Camellia x williamsii Acer palmatum ‘Corallinum’ Enkianthus cernuus f. rubens Leptospermum scoparium Berberis thunbergii f. atropurpurea (Mexican orange) Evergreen, bushy shrub with aromatic, Evergreen rhododendron with a domed, ‘E.G. 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selector ADZ5–9 130mft 122 EacoiaAnorgfv omalfearmirDnatpgeag or itrsnseZiapce e8fn,rdna 0ig–t l,n,ol l 1r.gowf o 0s 3haus ninylte,ded ab eflbordefliotg,t esodhn.me t C n gslsru oeesp e1ts3e0nehmfrnt rls eu abv wesa(CaSgcaTTsi1 St0hifoysnthorn0 tu3emo meldixtdldesw htgwtbA o i sllb hoa siesacciseahathDksvieoroyy lnb l,flyyn Zeodsoe apsmirl8awugr lros–dimekuea mt9rl s mgs c . b airsalectekrhrodoee,ah on n ofbeo eft onlnyololrolanytniow aa deg,,iwes ladfedn tr ls. o i1blFce.f3m0 toymeirfd t a f tpmigotHruefor iiirahdotpbancslclpton.e,edr 1-ane)nti0nfstw 0 g 3t -sm cap teh oeae alcoftBshapaopfavdekme n e ntDnlp thetr yeafoarduhoc Mctdnrtaonr nnth,e ’Z.ae aa 6stliubm -t–stitnoti, h’9 .w rnha Ipstnpitl et ehl eteadprh gtg,eo serpr esaienrpecas fnkroir anfleml,1n3g0potimaf w,wtmc rripck elcrirrcnoasedgte utausohnh ca1 idne0ttlfo s ut0a .t 3im c fnr c BElFpta a orvnor ecmdrDne gu-arscleMh e dedaonp Ziu,ne 7bud s–pl,ep 8rp,ri tagpinlhiengt k g.s rhfleoreuwnb e lwersai vt1a3h0ermf tse. f ree1ly0f t0 3m bLfbfaAoapuorlliplbisl.alh eeiDRgaaydeenr-, dh Ztbbi nder6erea iic–msgddoh8h,eim -d odtp ser ruspaesrh nrdpmrigdnlueieigdbs ,fl. h- oogo-rrprw eysineemerknlsla ,oy ltw1loh3 0tmuf ertinenneg . 10ft0 3m cdbiBnleeu ellslap-tEtse ehrr essaMdp podrefZii dnsd6,hgu –d-.l pl8e uge prrpe releend i ln fle aofavwlele.s rS 1t3s0mhmf taaaptl plt,ue ran1r0 ft0 3m ENolAafvatfee rs rrDspgoprwrraeZi,yne 9asng r–o, o a1ufmn pd0daro tiusgicubh,m ltde, m,ab druekasr r.gh kry er see1h3d0nmfr t fllueobaw.v eesr1 ss0 feitn0 t3 m RrrmrAeeeeiddddd - sdifDtnrpiinus rfghiZiatne-sl5lpg.d. – u ,Ga 8rprlptoeal blefeoo fylsoleeolil waltoogew ecd u tflbupoyr-1wn s30 mhfset arbpsr eiingd h, t 10ft0 3m 123 be toxic. Details are given in the genus Photographic reference Top choices introductions in the Plant Dictionary. ChoisyaG taerdrnean ttah e mes and uses are Myrtus cPolamnmts uanrei sa r(rCaonmgemd on myrtle) Rhododendron ‘Percy Wiseman’ Camellia x williamsii (Mexicanil luosrtarnagteed) , together with Evergreebny, bgurosuhpy, sthhernu b with aromatic, Evergreen rhododendron with a domed, ‘E.GSi.z We aantedr shhoaupsee’ Evergrepehno, troogurnadphesd ,o df esenlseec tsehdr pulba nwtsi.th glossy, dalirskte gdr aelepnh afboelitaicgaell.y F.ragrant, compact habit. In late spring, produces EveFrogr rmeoenst, pulpanritgs htht es haprupbro wxi mithat e height (H) aromatic, glossy, bright green leaves white flowers are borne from midspring open funnel-shaped, pink flowers that lanacned-s shparepaedd ,( Sp) aalree ggriveeenn a lte athvee se.n d of each composed of 3 leaflets. Clusters to early summer, followed by purple- fade to cream, with green markings in Forcmapatlio dno. u(Tbhlee ,“ phienigkh flt”o wofe ar st raarilein fgr epelalyn t is of fragrant, white blooms open black berries. the throat. protdheu cleendg tinh ospf ritisn sgt.e m s, either hanging or Sini lzaete scparitnegg anodr oieftesn 10ft 3m 10ft 3m 10ft 3m spread ing.) For Trees, Coni fers, and S1h0rfut 3bms Wagitahinin i mn ofasltl .g roups in the Plant differently from group to group. Sizes a scale drawi ng shows the size and shape 122 CsAiazeta (lDtohge,Zn p8 sla–unb1tss0e a qruee anrtlrya nbgy esde ab1s30ymof t n 0 ahreeiAg bhats rDeadn Zogn8e s–p fl9oa rn tl ahregieg,h mtse. dTihuem13 0sm,ft paencdif ic 0 BDMZ6–9t 130mft 0 BofD eaMch Zp7la–nt8 att mat ur ity. 130mft 0 of interest). Size categories range small can be found in the introductory from large to small, but are defined section for the relevant plant group. Color order The Plant Catalog Within each group, plants are arranged Variegated plants are cate go rized MAGNOLIAS bCfbryloou lmteohsr e wst o cah orgilteore era te rhonrrfas ot,n huyggeeeihlrdl o rmiwenad stis,nh ,a epfn esudaar tmpourlree ae sno., grad enesd.r : b(aifir.y epr .tar hwonedgh uceitodceel obdory.r otyhfe etlhl oceowirlo) ;f ros oluiafc gcthueel evirna rtfslioe agwraeet rios,n Tpcoohlriostrr sfaueitcls tc iaaontnad lco dogme sobcf ri4nip,e0ts0i o0pn lpasln aintn tas AisTawasfmssinnuhluonnho h alimmoddeslewlgiy,puxt mafl ornep-plrhitdg,ofoircoue atn wrwolherbsrriog-vaneed eheflrw.isd y reidmhoMd t, sipdee snawu aari-oad vggtflrgpeerse ee, uifrnuet ist e en ias br,omngri vht psael sgoeeia ealssauhen n cd gtts bt.u hetiip hnpdnutoTmreeleol aareha ofc sul llu flneislilrfoasyyelor t tlig-sna s ea lwrfsb .eiedgoabi anlcneTu rrroeueahruheamtfocdgsr.o nse eem a aP crsciwrlilmieaeen le- nsem i,ng,.cpt ops n sha aCltaliboutta nln ykaoa,psedn dt er ibl ioe ston-d nsiiuc sunfrn gaok uatns osmg r h lt omonrs tr.ragai grpmayeAvob ogaen epaswviebencstgrut o d lt ieasaearetaci vlodp ntnbt clfm-e.hl lrdudy seperSoa hl arg,lftastom aarthat rhrtmanootpeo e rerspst eeruuep eiituann dg gsb innrn,g. hhs eyok t. t M. ‘Spectrum’ MM.. B‘SLAuCsKa TnU’L IP (‘Jurmag1') divided into groups: Trees (including conifers); Shrubs; M. ‘Galaxy’ M. stellata M. doltsopa Roses; Climbers and Wall Shrubs; M. grandiflora ‘Exmouth’ M‘Le. oxn laoredb Mneersi s el’ M‘Ru. sxt iscoau Rlaunbgreaa’ na M. ‘Elizabeth’ The symbols Abbreviations Perennials (including grasses, A Prefers sun cv(s) cultivar(s) bamboos, rushes, sedges, and ferns); M. stellata ‘Royal Star’ M. stellata ‘Waterlily’ Msu.b csapm. mpboelllilciio mata B f. forma Annuals, Biennials, and Bedding Prefers partial shade C H height (or length of trailing stems) Plants; Rock Plants; Bulbs; Water M. ‘Butterflies’ Tolerates full shade illus. illustrated D Prefers well-drained soil min. minimum and Bog Plants; and Tender and 70M. wilsonii M. liliiflora ‘Nigra’ M. x brooklynensis ‘Yellow Bird’ EF PPrreeffeerrss mweoti ssto siloil ppS(l .p ). ppspalurgreeaa(lds) Etox eoaticch P glarnotusp. Ais sfhoollrotw inedtr obdy upclatinotns FPlaenat ttyuperse o rp gaennerea losf special interest m Needs acid soil subsp subspecies arranged by size, season of interest, to the gardener are presented in separate t subspp subspecies (pl.) and color and includes feature feature panels within the appropriate Toxic plant syn. synonym(s) group. Close-up photographs of 8 var. varieties panels on plants that have individual flowers or plants allow particular appeal. quick identification or selection. US_008_009_HowtouseBook_latest.indd 8 28/06/2019 14:48 Page headings Plant Hardiness Zones MEDIUM SPRING Headings reflect the way in A plant’s ability to withstand relative low and high temperatures is referred to as cold- WHITE PINK RED which each plant group is hardiness and heat tolerance, respectively. To help gardeners select plants based on subdivided—usually by size these factors, the US Department of Agriculture has divided the United States into and main season of interest. hardiness zones. Although these zones serve as a reliable guide, they are not the only (See also Size categories, left.) indicator of the possible success of a plant. Other factors, such as soil type, fertiliy, Color tabs and sun exposure, can affect it. All plants in this encyclopedia have been assigned These indicate a change of zone ratings determined by the lowest temperature the plant is likely to withstand. Ribes sanguineum ‘Pulborough SDceacridleuto’ u(Fsl,o uwperriignhgt csuhrrruanbt t)h at in color within the size group spring bears pendent, tubular, deep rlfeoealdlvo flewso,ew wde ibrtshy a3bm–la5icd lko a bfrreousmi,t ssa otwimci,te hdt iaamr ke sg ree10nft 3m for each season. ZONE TEMPERATURE CATEGORY DEFINITION wAhitDe bZlo6o–m8. 130mft 0 Plant portraits RANGE Color photographs assist 1 below –50°F Severest winter Only the hardiest plants are in the identification and (–46°C) able to withstand winter in this shrubs shrubs selection of plants. zfroonme .c Ootldh etersm wpiellr raetquureirse. protection Tabs CEarhvoeomrigsayrteaice ,xn g ,d lcoeoswmsyip,t tdaecaatr knsh agr ru‘eAbez nwt eliectha Pv eeas rl’ CVglihogasoesryno,u odsma, rdekle egcsird esueponeu clesi,oa bvseauss ‘haMyn odseh prrilunobko.- sHeia’s PDfrraeugcnirduaunso tm,u ssui,n msgpelre e,‘ Bacdaeirnnmig-ic nshhei drfluoobrwi w’e ritsh i n TEagevleeo.r pgHeraease tndr,eu uenppc rgaigrteahet ( nsT halesramuvbae,n sbi aaunns dhw yda weranittsaheh ,) AStwlcoiegwrg -pgya rsolhmwruainbtgu g,m rdo e‘wcSinhd iufnoodrue ists,sh r poaitjnohke’ -rr ed Color-coded tabs make it easy 2 –50° to –40°F Severe winter Only very hardy plants will survive cobianogfu massdpci,np era oinirnnstegee epdd aar, n roowldfdy h 3 utfi–hact5eleel nd.lfl i noqinewu apiertrer los eo,fa ufpfltseieninotks n-. flCulsuhset1e0dfrt si3n m flfoulslohwede,d w bhyi tger efleonwisehrs-y ienl leoawrl yfr supitrsi.n g10, ft 3m egarerleyn s lperaivnegs baepfpoerea rp. ointed, dark 10ft 3m rfloouwnedresd in h leaatde ss pofr isnmg aalnl, dtu sbuumlamr,e crr. im10sfto 3nm llMceoaabunfec scdhco louleorsarcevihdne gnsf o etihrnw e bs ngop rnrtouisnwragnit..h bHP. laaulrimsdh af-trgeor,s edte ene.p 10lfyt 3m to find each plant group. (–46° to –40°C) wwiinll treerq iuni rteh ipsr zootencet.i oMno fsrot mpla nts ADZ8–10 130mft 0 ADZ5–9 130mft 0 ADZ6–8t 130mft 0 BDMZ13–15 130mft 0 BDZ6–8 26mft 0 Plant names cold temperatures. The botanical name is given for each plant, and where 3 –40° to –30°F Severe winter Evergreens, grasses, and hardy appropriate, common names (–40° to –34°C) perennial plants that can tolerate are listed in brackets. cold winters will grow in this zone. Choisya ternata Myrtus communis (Common myrtle) Rhododendron ‘Percy Wiseman’ Camellia x williamsii Acer palmatum ‘Corallinum’ Enkianthus cernuus f. rubens Leptospermum scoparium Berberis thunbergii f. atropurpurea (EMveerxgicraene no,r aronugne)d ed, dense shrub with Eglvoesrsgyr, edeanr,k b gurseheyn sfhorliuabg ew. iFthra agrroamnta, tic, Ecovmerpgarcete hna rbhiot.d Iond leanted srponri nwgi,t hp rao ddoumceesd , ‘EEv.eGr.g Wreaente, ruhporuigshet’ shrub with Vbeursyh ysl-ohwea-dgerodw sihnrgu,b d oerc isdmuaolul st,r ee. Dcleucsitdeurso oufs ,d buulls ghrye sehnr lueba vweist hth daet ntusern ‘ERveedrg Dreaemna, uskp’r ight, bushy shrub. DReedciddiusho-upsu, raprcleh finolgia, gdee ntusern ssh bruribg.h t Captions 122 acoiaAnorgf omalfarmiDnatpeag o itrsnsZiapce 8fn,rda ig–t ln,oll 1.gowf 0s 3has niylte,de ab flborefliotgtesohn.m t C gslru oespe1t3e0nemfrnt ls e aves1 0ft0 3m wtbAolha eciatDker lbflyZeo sr8wur–imee9rsms . aerre, fboollronwee fdr o1b3m0ymft pmuirdpslper1-i0nft0 g3m oftBhapdee entD ht foruo McnarnteZ.e a 6lm-–s,h9 watpitehd g, rpeinenk flm130omafwtrkeirnsg tsh a1in0tf t0 3m BlFpaornorcmdDeu-asclMh eddaop Ziune7bd s–l,ep 8p,r tapinlieng kg. rfleoewn elersa v1a30ermftse. f ree1ly0f t0 3m LfbfaAoaporlliplbil.al eeiDRgaadeenr, d Ztbbi ndr6ere iic–msgdoh8h,im -d otp serrupaesr nrdpmigdnleieigds ,fl. h- ogo-rprw eyineeerknlsl ,oy tw1oh30muf etinnng 10ft0 3m dbiBnee elllap-Ets ehr esaMdppdreZiidns6,hg –d-. p8eue prp rleed in fl ofawlle. rS13s0mmf taaplpl,e a1r0 ft0 3m NolAafatfe rs rDspoprwraZi,yn 9asg r–o oa1fmn d0dao tusicub,m ldem,a drekar r.g kr eree13d0nmf t flleoawveesr1 ss0 feitn0 t3 m rrmrAeeeidddd - sifDtnrpinu rfgiZiatnesl5lg.d. – ,Ga 8prltoea blfeoo ylsleeol wltooew cd u flbpoy-1w s30 mhfetarps eind , 10ft0 3m 123 Cina dpetitoanils a dneds cdrriabwe tahtete pnltainotns 4 –(–3304°° ttoo ––2209°°FC ) Severe winter Pntoeulrmeernaentreoia utlshs eien vv etehrrgiysr eczoeonlndse w,a aninldot engrgrsa w ssieths, to any special uses. in this zone. 5 –20° to –10°F Cold winter A great variety of perennials, (–29° to –23°C) deciduous trees, evergreens, The Plant Dictionary grasses, and annuals can tolerate the cold winters in this zone. The Plant Dictionary contains entries for every genus in the h Encyclopedia and includes an additional 4,000 recommended 6 –10° to 0°F Cold winter Cold winters of relatively short tho (–23° to –18°C) duration in this zone means a wide w pasla annts i ntod ethx otsoe t hfeea Ptularnedt C ina ttahleo gP.lant Catalog. It also functions vsuarrvieivtye ohfe nreo.ntropical plants will is b t o o 7 0° to 10°F Average winter Where rainfall is sufficient, the o u Genus names (–18° to –12°C) relatively mild winters and long ks Tbwhyh ece orgeme nampuops nrno anpmarimaet eiess, faaonnllddo wsfayenmdo iln yy nmasm, es. RRhHuEbaUrbM svuamriemtye orsf hgearred esnu ppplaonrtt sa a wndid etr ees. e POLYGONACEAE 8 10° to 20°F Mild winter Mild winters and long, hot Genus entries Genus of rhizomatous, often tough (–12° to –7°C) summers support a wide variety of A concise introduction covers the or woody, perennials, grown for their plants here, but high humidity may distinctive characteristics and hardiness foliage and overall appearance. Includes be a problem for some species. range of plants in the genus, as well as the edible rhubarb and various advice on siting, cultivation, propagation, 9 20° to 30°F Mild winter Mild, subtropical conditions allow ornamental plants. Some species are and, if relevant, pruning, pests and (–7° to –1°C) plants from all categories to grow extremely large and require plenty of diseases, and toxicity. here, unless the plant needs a cold space. Fully hardy. Prefers sun or partial period to thrive. shade and deep, rich, well-drained soil. Plant names Propagate by division in spring or by 10 30° to 40°F Subtropical Tropical plants grow well here. Botanical names, synonyms, and common seed in fall tLeaves may cause severe (–1° to 4°C) Some popular species from names are given as appropriate. The genus discomfort if ingested. temperate regions may find name is abbreviated; specific epithets (eg. R. ‘Ace of Hearts’, syn. R. ‘Ace of it too warm. Spades’. Clump-forming perennial.H to 4ft nobile) are abbreviated only if previously (1.2m), S 3ft (90cm). Has elongated, heart- 11-15 Above 40°F Tropical Tropical and subtropical plants given in full. shaped, dark green leaves, to 14in (35cm) (Above 4°C) dominate gardens in this zone. long, red-veined above, purple-veined Temperate species may adapt with beneath. Bears long panicles of numerous, special care. Plant descriptions tiny, star-shaped, very pale pink to white Key characteristics of the plant are flowers in mid- to late summer. Z4–9 described. Har di ness and cul ti va tion needs R. ‘Ace of Spades’. See R. ‘Ace of Hearts’. are in clud ed only if specific to the plant. R. palmatum. Clump-forming ZONE NOTE Cultivar entries run on from the species perennial. H to 8ft (2.5m), S to 6ft (1.8m). entry, with the binomial omitted. Has 2–21⁄2ft (60–75cm) long, rounded, The zones presented in this book are offered as approximate guides 5-lobed, mid-green leaves. In early and should not be considered as absolute. Practicing horitcultural summer, bears broad panicles of techniques such as mulching and winter protection will alter a plant’s Illustrated plants small, creamy-green to deep red interaction with its environment and may enable it to surive beyond Descriptions for illustrated plants flowers. Z5–9. appear in the Plant Catalog, unless part ‘Atrosanguineum’ illus. p.439. the zones given in this or other publications. of a feature panel (see below left). Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri. See Hatiora gaertneri. Cross-references Rhipsalidopsis rosea. See Hatiora Synonym cross-references rosea. 9 are listed alphabetically. US_008_009_HowtouseBook_latest.indd 9 28/06/2019 16:25 PLANT NAMES AND ORIGINS Plants have always been given local names, with the result that many of them were called by a different name in different regions and countries. To overcome this problem, a common naming system was devised and developed into the plant naming system that is now used worldwide. The binomial system found to apply to two different plants; or Greek and Roman scholars laid the because new knowledge changes the plant’s foundations of our method of naming classification. In this book, synonyms plants, but the binomial system used today are included so renamed plants can be was largely established in the 18th century easily recognized. by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707– 1778). Linnaeus classified each plant with Common names two Latin words, rather than the descriptive Although many plants have familiar phrases used previously. The first word common names, botanical names are used describes the genus (eg. Ilex) and the second because not all plants possess a common the epithet (eg. aquifolium). Together they name, or they may share a name with other provided a name for a particular plant plants. In addition, a common name may be species such as Ilex aquifolium (English used in different regions to describe holly). Other species in the same genus different plants. For example, in Scotland were given different epithets such as Ilex “plane” refers to Acer pseudoplatanus crenata and Ilex serrata. The system has (sycamore); in England it refers to the been developed by scientists so that the London plane (Platanus x hispanica), and in ss entire plant kingdom is divided into a America both “plane” and “sycamore” are en mi universally recognized “family tree” used for (Platanus occidentalis). Common ag nri (see opposite). names may also refer to unrelated plants o as is the case with sea holly (Eryngium), t nd The meaning of plant names hollyhock (Alcea), and summer holly an Plant names are derived from various (Arctostaphylos diversifolia), none of which la p sources. Some are commemorative—the is a true holly (Ilex). Another problem is Fuchsia is a tribute to German physician that one plant may have several common Leonhart Fuchs—while others indicate a names: heartsease, love-in-idleness, and plant’s geographic origins, as with Parrotia Johnny-jump-up all refer to Viola tricolor. ABOVE Wild origins persica (of Persia). A plant may be named Many plant species that subsequently become garden plants Botanical divisions are initially found in the wild. The North Cape Province of after the collector who introduced it, such South Africa is home to many annuals and succulents, from as Primula forrestii, cultivated by George Divided into a hierachy, plants are classified which breeders have produced new cultivars and hybrids. Forrest. Alternatively, the name may according to the following groups, which describe the plant’s characteristics, for help to identify them: in common, and a genus may contain one example, quinquefolia in Parthenocissus or a large number species. For example, quinquefolia, which means with foliage The family a member of the genus Lilium could be made up of five leaflets; it comes from the Plants are grouped in families according any lily, but Lilium candidum denotes just Latin quinque (five) and folium (leaf). to the structure of their flowers, fruits, one type. A plant name may change either because and other organs. Families may consist A species is a group of plants that the plant has been incorrectly identified; of clearly related plants, such as orchids consistently and naturally reproduce or because it has been given an earlier (family Orchidaceae), or embrace themselves, often by seed or vegetatively, name; or because the name has been diverse plants as in the family Rosaceae: generating plant populations that share Alchemilla, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, similar characteristics. Malus, Geum, Prunus, Pyracantha, WHAT IS “OF GARDENS”? Sorbus, and Spiraea. Subspecies, varieties, and forms In the wild, even plants of the same species The epithet “of gardens” is added to names The genus and its species can exhibit slight differences, and these are that have been wrongly applied to plants A family may contain one genus (for split into three subdivisions: in cultivation—that is, the plant has been example, Eucryphia is the only genus —The subspecies (subsp.) is a distinct misidentified because of its similarity to in the family Eucryphiaceae) or many— variant of the species. another plant. It can also be used for plants the daisy family Compositae has more —The variety (var.) differs slightly in its that have not yet been formally named, such than 1,000 genera. botanical structure. as a hybrid that has arisen in cultivation. Each genus comprises related plants, —The form (f.) has only minor variations, 10 such as oaks (genus Quercus) or lilies such as the habit or color of leaf, flower, (genus Lilium), that have several features or fruit. US_010_011_PlantNames_Origins.indd 10 17/06/19 2:40 PM