Table Of Content

C E ONCISE NCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Thispageintentionallyleftblank C E ONCISE NCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS COORDINATING EDITOR PROFESSOR KEITH BROWN University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK VOLUME CO-EDITORS PROFESSOR ALEX BARBER The Open University Milton Keynes, UK PROFESSOR ROBERT J. STAINTON University of Western Ontario London, ON Canada ElsevierLtd.,TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK (cid:2)2010ElsevierLtd. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,ormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording,oranyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sRightsDepartmentinOxford,UK: phone(+44)1865843830;fax(+44)1865853333;[email protected]. Requestsmayalsobecompletedonlineviathehomepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). MaterialinthisworkoriginallyappearedintheEncyclopediaofLanguage andLinguistics(SecondEdition),Ed.K.Brown,ElsevierLtd.,2006. LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009932541 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-08-096500-0 PrintedandboundintheUK 101112131410987654321 Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper THE EDITORS RobertJ.Staintonwasintroducedtophilosophyoflanguageandtolinguis- tics (specifically in the Systemic Functional tradition) at Toronto’s Glendon College. He completed his doctoral work in both areas at MIT. He has been CanadaResearchChairinCognitiveScienceatCarletonUniversityinOttawa, and is presently Professor of Philosophy and Associate Dean (Research) at The University of Western Ontario in London, Canada. His books include PhilosophicalPerspectivesonLanguageandWordsandThoughts. AlexBarberisLecturerinPhilosophyattheOpenUniversity.Heworksonthe philosophyoflanguageandlinguisticsaswellasonvarioustopicsinotherareas of philosophy, such as philosophy of mind, epistemology, and more recently, ethics. His published work includes papers on definite descriptions, opacity, speaker versus word reference, and syntactic reality, and various textbooks including Language and Thought (Open, 2005). He edited Epistemology of Language(Oxford,2003). Thispageintentionallyleftblank ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES SubjectClassification xiii Introduction xvii Contributors xix APrioriKnowledge:LinguisticAspects GLavers 1 ActionSentencesandAdverbs DBlair 3 AnalyticPhilosophy MBeaney 6 Analytic/Synthetic,Necessary/Contingent,andaPriori/aPosteriori:Distinction RElugardo 10 Anaphora:PhilosophicalAspects JKing 19 ArchitectureofGrammar RKempson 21 AristotleandLinguistics PAMSeuren 25 Assertion MSGreen 28 Behaviorism:Varieties PPoirier 31 BooleandAlgebraicSemantics ELKeenanandASzabolcsi 36 CausalTheoriesofReferenceandMeaning ASullivan 41 CharacterversusContent CSpencer 44 CognitiveScienceandPhilosophyofLanguage SScott 47 Communication:SemioticApproaches ERigottiandSGreco 57 Communication,Understanding,andInterpretation:PhilosophicalAspects DHunter 64 Comparatives:Semantics CKennedy 68 Compositionality:PhilosophicalAspects FJPelletier 71 Compositionality:SemanticAspects GSanduandPSalo 75 Concepts EMargolisandSLaurence 78 Conditionals SKaufmann 81 ContextandCommonGround HHClark 85 viii AlphabeticalListofArticles ContextPrinciple RJStainton 88 ContextualisminEpistemology HJackman 94 ConventionsinLanguage MKo¨lbel 96 CooperativePrinciple KLindblom 100 Coreference:IdentityandSimilarity YHuang 107 Counterfactuals SBarker 109 CreativityinLanguage EVClark 112 DataandEvidence CSchu¨tze 117 DeDictoversusDeRe EEaker 124 DefaultSemantics KJaszczolt 128 DefiniteandIndefinite BAbbott 131 Definitions:UsesandVarietiesof GLongworth 138 Deflationism GMarti 141 DeixisandAnaphora:PragmaticApproaches KGreen 144 DescriptionandPrescription GNelson 146 Descriptions,DefiniteandIndefinite:PhilosophicalAspects GOstertag 151 DirectReference ASullivan 157 DiscourseRepresentationTheory JvanEijck 160 DonkeySentences PAMSeuren 169 Dthat DBraun 171 DynamicSemantics JGroenendijkandMStokhof 172 E-LanguageversusI-Language GSRattan 179 Empiricism JPrinz 183 EmptyNames BCaplan 185 EpistemologyandLanguage HJackman 189 EssentialIndexical KRomdenh-Romluc 191 Event-BasedSemantics PLasersohn 192 EvolutionofSemantics VEvans 196 EvolutionofSyntax BClarkandRJackendoff 204 Existence BCaplan 211 ExpressionMeaningversusUtterance/SpeakerMeaning ABezuidenhout 214 ExpressivePowerofLanguage DGil 217 ExtensionalityandIntensionality NOldager 219 ExternalismaboutContent JBrown 222 FictionalDiscourse:PhilosophicalAspects DDavies 227 FigurativeLanguage:Semiotics FNuessel 230 AlphabeticalListofArticles ix FormalSemantics GChierchia 243 Formalism/FormalistLinguistics PtenHacken 258 FrameProblem CViger 265 FunctionalistTheoriesofLanguage CSButler 268 FutureTenseandFutureTimeReference O¨ Dahl 276 Game-TheoreticalSemantics JHintikkaandGSandu 279 GenerativeGrammar JRooryck 282 GenerativeSemantics JDMcCawleyandRAHarris 284 GenericReference GCarlson 289 GrammaticalMeaning O¨ Dahl 293 Holism,SemanticandEpistemic RValle´e 295 IdeationalTheoriesofMeaning EJLowe 299 IdentityandSameness:PhilosophicalAspects HWNoonan 302 ImmunitytoErrorthroughMisidentification KRomdenh-Romluc 305 Implicature JMeibauer 308 Indeterminacy,Semantic MHymers 322 Indexicality:PhilosophicalAspects ECorazza 324 InnateIdeas EMargolisandSLaurence 327 InnateKnowledge TSimpson 330 IntentionandSemantics SBarker 333 InterpretedLogicalForms MMontague 336 Irony SAttardo 341 LanguageasanObjectofStudy VZˇegarac 345 LexicalConceptualStructure JSJun 349 LexicalSemantics:Overview JPustejovsky 357 LimitsofLanguage GPriest 365 LinguisticReality LWetzel 368 LinguisticsasaScience BClark 371 Linguistics:Approaches NFabb 378 Linguistics:Disciplineof NSmith 383 LogicandLanguage:PhilosophicalAspects GCallaghanandGLavers 398 LogicalConsequence PBlanchette 407 LogicalForminLinguistics DBlair 410 Lying,Honesty,andPromising DOwens 413 MassNouns,CountNouns,andNon-countNouns:PhilosophicalAspects HLaycock 417 MaximsandFlouting AKGreenall 421